Begonia Mountain Cliff in its possession as the relationship lords Mongolian inscriptions

Begonia Mountain Cliff in its possession as the relationship lords Mongolian inscriptions *

Li Qin Pu

Shenyang Lu Xun Academy of Fine Arts

published in Huo Wei, Li Yongxian editor of the Society, May 2004), pp 427-452.

a map of sites, here omitted; Editions no Editions .2004 on Aug. 28 of Postscript.

Summary

Guan popular belief of those years, but circumstances such as non-Han Chinese Eight Banners of Mongolia, the Science of Scots has its forgotten. this release Map of Qing Dynasty League Tumotezuoqi Zhuosuo Begonia Cliff Mountain Tibetan Buddhist group in the three relevant master (looye, looye burqan) image and its inscription in Tibetan Mongolian, and even to sing off the same master as the Mongolian folk song Preliminary study on comprehensive, purport that contact position, pay attention to the local Department of Mongolian Tibetan Buddhist belief, the south region for the Chinese cultural facts. that local customs master faith is faith Han Guan by the of culture the performance of the relevant master image

4. riding around the Tibetan masters like Mongolian inscriptions

5. belief

6. Conclusion

illustrated catalog, reference books, English summary

charts, graphics (attached)

I. Introduction

the whole, today in northern Liaoning Province, from the law library to Lingyuan line this thing, the Qing Dynasty to fan the Department of Mongolian nomadic way (nutug), belongs to the eastern Mongolia The southern margin, but also a highly developed culture of the Mongols in the region: both Shaman culture (B? ge m? rgul), Chinese (Kitad) culture, Tibet (Bod, Tanggud) culture, all of which are very prosperous. This is the middle The Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County, in the Qing Dynasty League is Zhuosuo map (Josotu-yin? igulgan) Tumote Left Banner (Tumed jegun garun qo? igu), since then, Tibetan Buddhism flourished, many monasteries, I do not know since when known as the Lama Temple, a Qing Pu dasi (buku amugulangtu sum-e, commonly known as altan? iregetu agoi, Gold Case-dong), is the flag of one of the largest monasteries. crabapple hill many Cliff, these statues of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, After about mid-Qing Dynasty (19 century) to the Republic of years carvings, stone is a sand, soft, so as carved a deep; image around, often Tibetan, Mongolian, Chinese characters, with notebook paper, Chung, mantra, joint language, etc., for understanding the East edge of southern Mongolia Mongolian history and culture of Tibetan Buddhism, the information is extremely valuable.

Begonia mountain cliff inscriptions of this release related master images in the data, translated as the top and riding off master left and right side of the Tibetan Mongolian language, and trying to puzzle at the local Mongolian people of faith for the relevant circumstances and the nature of the master.

Guan beliefs of, has always been popular in recent years,UGG shoes, but hold on the wording of Science, as vision limitations For example, ignoring the non-Han ethnic majority of Mongolia, Tibet and the Manchu in the case, this article or be a little debate now, trying to show the Qing Dynasty in eastern Mongolia, the Tibetan Buddhist belief in the case of fragments of Guan Yu.

Second, the subject study the history of the relationship lords Haitangshan

Cliff stone Total 3. one is a horse like, two are related master, Zhou Cang, Guan Ping composed of what might be called the does not come near. mountain had another Laoyemiao (Mongolian looye-yin sum-e), in 1947 after the destruction.

on Begonia Hill Classic and research reports as played in the twentieth century 90 years. 1994 Li Yufeng Hill in his book, Cliff Begonia entry, special attention to master riding off like:

green cedar in the northeast carved into niches such as Kuan Kung, crotch Red Hare, mobile broadsword, comfortable air of masculinity, especially lifelike form.

1995 Lvzhen Kui Shan imaging inspection report published in Begonia, but he pointed out that there are two three Zunxiang not yet mentioned the riding like. Later, Li Ling, a paper attached riding off on a classic photo, but the wording is still not a single mention.

in 1998 mentioned a number of articles like those off Classic. on account of riding off in the Luo Xianming master image and the origin of two trees in front of and riding around like inscriptions, written up, though related to legend, is still worthy of that argument:

off to roam around the Great Saint Statues

roam around all day to discuss the first resurrection. According to legend, one day to the Begonia Hill Guan Wandering over the case of monks craftsmen are engraved in the cliff Cliff and craftsmen hear humming the air, looked up and saw sky and white clouds have a ride Red Hare , hand broadsword, Manmianhongguang Xuran elegant, wearing a shirt people. scan is off St. Great, great lamas craftsmen quickly report it, kneel down and bow down to Grand Lama and craftsmen. craftsmen living Buddha make this landscape under the speed painting . When the builders finished drawing off the Great ride Marty St. knife to roam around the landscape, the one cloud drifting across. off the Great Saint had disappeared. Buddha sent for the builders of Cliff inscription Tibetan Mongolian, Tibetan translation of Science for the bar as long than the Jade Pool Mani ; deeds Of course, to stand guard on both sides of the relevant Great St., escort; but off the Great Statue Saint conditions under rocks carved by Shrine finished size, without a second bit position of the great God. As the two great loyalty to God, the security Guansheng Great. pine stand on the deification of the two statues in the Great St. off before the cold war arrived in strong wind and snow, intense heat resistant cover and rain, accompanied by tough statues in the Great St. off before.

described here is very vivid. its Mongolian inscription in Tibetan translation, other scholars have not mentioned; For the translation is not accurate enough, then discussed below.

should be earlier than the above text, in Fuxin City, published historical data on black and white Begonia Hill Sculptures photo, which has two related master's: one horse as the vision of one of the three Zunxiang.

the article cited above, so that we note the existence of Haitangshan classic like, but apart from Luo Xianming, and some are simple, and images are not as described, can not be regarded as special studies. In addition, they regard the master confused with the Han, the Han culture, the phenomenon of the region - from what they called Guan, believe in, not to involve the local Mongolian people's belief in the circumstances.

three classic images Haitangshan related performance

the following description of the first school for the image, style is: (a) like the name, (b) material, (c) study the characteristics of the image.

Figure 1 off master three Zunxiang (a)

(a) the relevant master

(b) shallow ocher sand

(c) the relevant master sitting on the tiger bench, feet dragging on the ground in the start of the tiger on top of two Tiger Claw. right leg below the knee revealing gown, the right hand stroked his tales of the five most right Nalv Zhang Ran, palm forward . left hand placed in the left unit.'s head with halo. wearing a hat, wear robes, the right shoulder with logo. You Xie Shi Zhou Cang, right machete; Zuoxie Shi Guan Ping, right hand held over India on the right shoulder, left hand holding sword, the sword upward (in the head on the left), left leg before a stick, seems to be prayer flag of the child. upper left and right respectively, day, month, set off by clouds. the screen in niches among the top of the shrine composed of three on the convex arc.

Figure 2 off classic three Zunxiang (b)

(a) the relevant master

(b) shallow ocher sand

(c) the relevant master sitting on the tiger bench, feet dragging on the ground in the spread of the tiger's two top Tiger Claw. right leg below the knee revealing gown, the right hand stroked his tales of the five most right Nalv Zhang Ran, palm forward . left hand placed in the left unit.'s head with halo. wearing a hat, wear robes, the right shoulder with logo. You Xie Shi Zhou Cang, right machete; Zuoxie Shi Guan Ping, right hand held over India on the right shoulder, left hand holding knife, knife side up (first left). the three characters in the curtain, it is a Chinese-style approach.

Figure 3, Figure 3a classic riding off like

(a) riding master like

(b) light reddish brown sand

(c) on horseback, his right foot stepped on the stirrup, horse stand on the base, head DESHIL, face turned to us, the first micro-leftist. Kuan Kung military uniform, his right hand holding sword on the right side, left hand stroked his beard in the chest, a total of five thread beard. horse back to back care. classic halo head and body before and after the cloud, have a round head and rear property, owned in the clouds, it is day (rear), month (front) design. behind the side of the horse above the buttocks is a square, inscribed within the cross 3e), are indeed a part of the seal. this horse as a background of clouds, in concave niches into. shrines, the Dome carved Tibetan line, is the Chinese 3b); shrines around outside there are a couplet Yang Wen, Mongolian, straight, every line of the top decorated with clouds associated language,Discount UGG boots, at the bottom of a double lotus petals as the base (Figure 3c, Figure 3d). s4 of these words in the following .

like the front is close to two tall pine trees, people can not take off classic picture of the positive (Figure 3a), this hand-painted a picture panorama of the map (Figure 3j).

like the left Under the joint a little bit of foreign language are shrines of view within Jia Fuzuo position as Bodhisattva, single lotus pedestal, there are on wheels, body ornate decoration (Figure 3f, Figure 3).

off the right side of a rock classic Maitreya Buddha statue carved stone surfaces and related classic rock surface where the vertical (refer to Figure 3).

from the standpoint of iconography, there are a few of these masters as worthy of attention: the Guan Gong, Zhou Cang, Guan Ping's ; 3 Zunxiang is the common style of Chinese culture area, western Liaoning Province is now the new temple of Guan as plastic or so.

Figure 1, Figure 3, in the main figure on the top of the sides (left), monthly (right) patterns, such composition in the Thangka, especially in the Qing Dynasty Beijing Lama Temple collection of Thangka screen, painted area, the most conspicuous; figures carved in the Begonia mountain cliff top as the shoulders, also carved very large, very significantly (Figure 4), with the new county Lama Temple Monastery painted Dehui Lohan (Begonia Hill figure carving a major feature.

right executive broadsword, Ma Tau but turn left right in front of people is the same position, against the backdrop of violent cirrus clouds: the relationship lords riding like this, the present findings , was the Mongols and the Manchu people Mengqi and even create unique (such as print, or God of War (Tibetan dgra lha), Fukatsu - God bless the war victory.

its shrines on both sides of the upper and language processing style in conjunction: the top line of banners, on both sides is the couplet, it is typical of Chinese culture, but Mongolian is written in Tibetan language, not Science. joint language to the top decorated with cloud patterns, the bottom bearing to double-lotus pedestal (Fig. 3f), is a distinctive style of Buddhism. Begonia can be compared to a mountain like the Green Tara, the two sides the Mongolian or Manchurian couplet has illegible text, and that when the top and bottom of the clouds and the language is even more clear rosette, also in Liaoning Province Beipiao (Qing Tumote Right Banner environment,cheap UGG boots, in the formation of the west) Hui Ning Temple (temple built in the Qianlong period) brass bell iron bell on the design and comparison, shows that such a decoration is Buddhist and regional.

on the couplet, but also more Zhangwu Qianfoshan Bible Temple Cave door circumstances, it Begonia Hill geographic proximity,UGG boots cheap, and chiseled, slow years (1903-1912 years), also belong to the system of Tibetan Buddhism:

Xuantong month the first year of Jia Xu Ji Hitachi

Cave This is the Portal top text, that banner (fan shape). Portal engraved on both sides of a pair, (for our purposes) the right joint:

Putuoshan the merciful Lord

Left:

black bamboo in the forest itself cents

banners and associated language is Science. Xuantong first year is Jiyou chicken, when de 19 hrs; Awake on the lunar month. the original cave shrine of law such as: Lama Tsongkhapa like; like the other three Zunxiang Manjusri; India (rgya-gar) bronze statue (li-ma) 2. this can be realized that the acceptance of Buddhism in this region in Mongolia to the Chinese cultural scenario: demonstrated adequate transition zone Han Meng common heritage area (area co-tradition).

4, riding around like a master of Tibetan Mongolian inscriptions

riding as in shrines among the relevant master behind the five elements in Tibetan, niche outside: there are about Mongolia Man couplet, on top of a Tibetan words, were Yang Wen. cit Mr. Luo Xianming the book, has included a translation, its another article said:

Transverse Tibetan translation of Science for the master text translation for the out.

4.1) inscriptions in Tibetan Buddhist Shrine at the top (Fig. 3b)

| | kwan lo ye | |

Kuan Kung Kuan Kung

two vertical lines around the word is that the article Tibetan beginning at the end of the symbol. with the following couplet even together, then this be the banner.

4.2) shrines on both sides of the Mongolian language

together the right joint (Figure 3c):

? ljei qutug sumiy-a yin? indamani metu saiqan

longevity Miss Sarah as a bright moon wishful

longevity like the moon and the smart baby as good

Left (Figure 3d):

buyan ke? ig somagan yin? ita metu delgeretugei

Froude, Fukuzawa's learned more slender river just like their prosperity, popular

Fulu like more water than the slender learned so rich

couplet is the phenomenon of Chinese cultural area, Mongolia The couplet is the mainland region had been transmitted. Therefore, the couplet of the readings should be Chinese culture, which is in accordance with the viewer's left and right direction (with the image itself is the opposite), to read the terms of the right audience (ie image own the league), after reading the left (that is, the right image itself together). that is:

blessings like more water than the slender learned so rich,

life is like the moon a few wishful Baozhu as good .

couplet pile of algae pretext, the figures of speech is the Tibetan literary tradition. Only do not know the source, according to Science in conjunction with a common language:

Fu long as the East China Sea water

Shoubinanshan not old pine

193, four years when the Japanese-sponsored by North usurp Membership scholar Dan Ying fill wall, or to hang Manchu language were made together, Shi-Chuan customary, more than a Language of them: the intention of the resulting, but the rhetoric was followed Mongolia - the Tibetan literary tradition.

4.3) behind inscriptions in Tibetan side (Fig. 3e)

1 bkav yis

Chiming in 2bkur pavi [bavi]

worship, Cheng Shi, respect

3 pan chen

Panchen 4er te nivi

Erdeni

5 tham ga [ka]

seal < br> to enclose the Panchen imperial seal

the original Arabic that line plays, Qin Pu added. We are here with Mr. Luo Xianming translation translated the book is obviously different from the other as the Chinese, praise, Nepal and the Indian ), and seal the middle of the text of Manchuria, the right Chinese, on the left in Tibetan. riding off like a square box of Tibetan masters, the Tibetan part of it s stamp afterwards, also arranged in the same row times.

Next The question is: Why is the text inscribed on the relevant master s stamp, as this position? riding master, like, who presided over engraved with the Panchen Lama as a kind of relationship? -yin magdagal-un mon On the other hand to determine the relevant master with the Panchen Lama's cause. In Akiyoshi if white Dorje (Lcang-skya Rol-pavi Rdo-rje ,1717-1786) biography, wrote that he had been a cop Han dynasty (mi dmar- po shin-tu che-ba zhig) help, this cop Han told Living Buddha, say that they are hidden again by (gtsang) an old monk (bla-chen sku bgres-pa) the supply of food, and this red-faced Han is the relations Classic (bkwan-yun-chang, sprin-ring rgyal-po; bkwan-loo-ye), high-monk who is the Panchen Lama (pan-chen rin-po-che). Kuan Kung is with the Health (beg-tse) protect the law according to (nashbsten-pa) and safeguarding health is the embodiment of the sisters. In other words, Kuan Kung is the Custodian of the Panchen Lama. Panchen seal engraved as in the related master next to the reason for this. but as the monks carved chair, then Panchen Lama seems to have some kind of relationship we do not know.

conclusion, I would like to talk about the way the Panchen Lama on the three-body seal an interesting fact. trisomy stamps, are listed in below:

Manchu text hesei fungnehe banchen / erdeni i doron

Chi Ming to grant title of Panchen seal

(Chifeng Panchen Erdeni seal)

Science Chi Feng Chen Class Amount / Elder Nepal and the Indian

in Tibetan bkav yis / bkur-pavi / pan chen / er-te-nivi / tham-ga

(to the Panchen served imperial seal)

here, Manchuria text seal the appropriate words Emperor to the Sixth Panchen Lama (Blo-bzang Dpal-ldan Ye-shes, 1738-1780) of the four-body seal (1780), recorded its possession, Science and text as follows (a slash / is still that Branch Office): br> Science Chifeng Panchen / Child

treasure it in Tibetan bkav yis / bskur-bavi / pan chen / er-te-nivi / phyag-rgya

this line of Tibetan word sentence with only 17 stamp is different in 2013: one phyag-rgya means seal, and bskur-ba is skur-ba past tense, which means sending, transmission; granted to. In this seal, clearly should be ; to use, then bkav yis bskur-ba meaning is .

5, faith

study discussed above, the Temple of Kuan Kung Pu Begonia mountain carved image about the situation, but these are not furnished and decorated as it is the object of worship, then at the general public on the relevant master here is What kind of feelings? faith background? This is our desire to know. this rarely happens to the information, now saw in Fuxin County, folklore, and Pu Temple of Kuan Kung ode, is to explain the situation here extremely valuable past beliefs information! because of the found only in internal publications, we copied down. look at the Chung Kuan Kung's:

Guan Chung

to follow Buddhism, the Great Light Way

Guansheng were gods

cleaning fool than the way he guided the evil

Ching line

to destroy evil brothers jump to the public Zeidao

sworn into the northern alliance cell

Koushou worship God Hao giant with the friendly


loyalty The compatriots on the phase from the sub-

heard from unhappy when Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao Sharen


Yanliang Wen Chou are divisible

sworn brother Guan news that reported living in the Yunnan border

made off

Duke Shou T'ing Hou abandoned the pro-level

carry Huangsao expedition

(oral: Package Wang Zarb. collect and organize data: General Song)

Mongolian folk song collection in the formation of the county's . by Section I, Guan Yu became the champions of Buddhism, the following sections are half-hearted gentleman of other volunteer related stories, the result is related both classic has become the image of Chinese culture mixed with the protective deities of Buddhism. the original book that the first folk song bottom of the printed postscript, said:

morning, the province Mongolian folk have believed in the public Lama flag (? iregetu kuriyen-u blam-a qo? igun) also Chung Kuan Kung's folk song, this area should be fine places overall.

including customs, including master, Begonia Mountain Cliff is the Hill Puan Lama presided over sculpture. The following is received in the Lama gave the

Qing emperor named four rungra

hanging umbrella ah ah

Pu Temple cough it's Pueraria (gegen)

pine trees in the shade of the trees that held eight


temple has eight places Weng Star ah ah

Pu Temple cough it's Pueraria

Nanling that the peak in oil system

spiritual side of the Palestinian daily with morning and evening

cough it ah ah temple temple on

Puan sound melodious throat Pueraria

oriole

longevity in the village over the contention

Lamaism color Chennai are endless net pot, holy water Seoul

respect our leaders

oriole

gorgeous tail feathers in birds can fly over the temple of pious monks

believe all your color Chennai Seoul

sprinkled holy water clean and our leading

Xiang Jing blue tiles cover the temple covered

magnificent red flashing blue and red

salvation of Chennai are merciful Seoul

Lamaism (lam-a-yin? a? in)

inlaid with beautiful and spectacular sight, the temple

Color clear out of the Red

Chennai are the world's color is a lot of the good we Seoul

temple Maida Er (maitreya-yin sum-e)

(oral: Treasure. collect and organize data: Tong Song)

this The first deep feeling, beautiful day Mongolian Mongolian folk songs show a deep Lama for fear of Pu and the emotional attachment! that go beyond self and into the realm of pure.

6, conclusions

Fuxin Begonia Hill 3 on the relevant master image and inscription on the cliff, this article by a Buddhist image performance and folk culture, folk belief and the position of non-Chinese Language and Literature to be discussed, showing off classic belief that with the Mongols, many Chinese cultural elements, is a strong Tibetan and Mongolian and Chinese cultural fusion state. Kuan Kung is obviously Han faith, pass into the Mongols in this region here, the Mongols ordered to dump their faith into their (Tibetan) Buddhism among the faith in such a situation; related master images performance, some parts of Chinese culture, Guan Gong, Zhou Cang, Guan Ping as under three in the curtain, but also put them in shrines within, coupled with day, month, images, line up with the Tibetan Buddhist Zunxiang; while riding as the Han Chinese do not have faith in, and put it safe in the day, month, and the protective deities binary markers on the background of flame, the guardian has become irascible and Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia Ares, the God of War coming to a decision the back of the Panchen Lama sculpture printed in Tibetan culture, in turn point to Tibet on the teacher there, point to master belief state associated with the Qing dynasty, but Tibetan Buddhism in the absence of such classic imaging; top and sides carved Tibetan, Mongolian, Chinese culture is a form of joint language, the content is a pile of rhetoric Tibetan style of Mongolian literature; folk songs reflect, as Buddhism is a classic guard protect the law, but also to accept the understanding of Chinese culture - is the loyalty of the people off Classic. on our understanding of this place the nature of the relevant master faith?

people said it was to accept the impact of Chinese culture: Chinese culture thing shrines style, as the guardian of Tibetan Buddhism, which is even in Mongolia in the east of the temple in the Han Chinese do not and can not be accepted from the Chinese culture. so Eastern Mongolian culture and even the culture, Tibetan culture, meet here, so of culture interactive process between the new construct the overall appearance, is different from the mother culture, the culture is different from the contacts. we can not regarded as cultural self-definition and reproduction or re-innovation process.

the formation of local culture or innovation mechanism is the , is the human ecology in the same home location of the different communities in the interactive process through the ;. the one hand, this is the local cultural self-definition and redefinition of the process, on the other hand is also the local culture of innovation and the process of reproduction.

Begonia Menggu Nan Shan as well as the eastern edges of the relationship lords beliefs, perhaps the classic Chinese culture, customs in the manner of worship, cultural synthesis of the results, both with the Chinese culture is not the same as the local is a new thing as.

PS: in July 2001 the height of summer, helping with the proofreading, carefully, but still saw off previously known as classic riding was very cordial. back to the county complex must meet Mr. Luo Xianming (Fuxin County Construction Bureau archives), he was old for many years, information available, knowledgeable, on grateful if he would give us all the relevant master image Haitangshan photo 2002 year on Nov. 16 because the school leadership and leadership opportunity in Fuxin city, was then further Begonia Hill, observe and take photographs. Now I am writing this small manuscript, to thank the your help; also like to thank Mr. Huang Weizhong (China Tibetology Research Center) grant benefits only to paper copies, Dong Jun Bao thick (Liaoning Provincial Museum) for taking the time drawing.