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day a hunter went out hunting with hounds. on the way met a dying wolf, just look at the size seems to be weaned. not far from its mother's blood may be right. wolf hide was spared in the haystack. br> coyotes began life in the Hunter family, it seems very tame, and does not like the first ferocious wolves. hunter to eat it eat it, Pa Pa health world health world txt Complete Collection download download | Pa Medical World txt | Pa Medical World txt download | txt Complete Download | Jiuding Complete credited txt download | The Complete Works of God Cemetery txt download | dragon txt Collection download | download The Complete Works of Sun God txt |. also facing the hunter like a baby all day, and wags its tail, licking hunter's hand. coax hunters very happy. after what delicious food to give to give the wolf dog. while dogs and wolves so that hunters are very well pleased.
After a few years, coyotes have been become a mighty big wolf. but it was the day the owner is worth a day intimacy neck, Pa Pa health world health world txt Complete Collection download download | Pa Medical World txt | Pa Medical World txt download | txt Complete Download | Jiuding mind txt Complete download | The Complete Works of God Cemetery txt download | download The Complete Works of dragon txt | download The Complete Works of Sun God txt |. about the relationship between people raised it was not fierce, Pa Pa health world health world txt Complete Collection download download | Pa Medical World txt | Pa Medical World txt download | txt Complete Download | Jiuding Complete credited txt download | The Complete Works of God Cemetery txt download | dragon txt Collection download | download The Complete Works of Sun God, txt |, is still liked. But the attitude of the wolf dogs are 180-degree shift. especially every night and always have to fight the wolf, but the sound is like listening to this fight, like in life and death Competing. hunter lessons every time a meal out of the dog, he thought the dog ate the wolf in the vinegar. ; The dog did not measure too, and given away forget. stick fiercely beat the hound meal, take dogs pulled his head fled to the corner of the yard. hunter This return to the room to sleep. but how could not sleep, probably because of too much force, causing the spirit of excitement. so he lay in bed thinking about who to give hounds. Then suddenly heard heavy breathing coming from under the bed, the hunter thought it was a thief then put eyes open a crack, looked at the house carefully. He was surprised to find respite from what is not a thief, but the wolf, its green eyes fixed on the wearer's body in the Hunter, sharp white teeth in a dark room is particularly scary. wolf hunters had never seen exposed face, scary face . had just been put away immediately after the expression, cheerful hunter's wagging his tail. But the hunters have played a suspicious mind at the moment. He was regarded sleeping dogs placed in the room, the wolf placed in the yard.'d dispute that dogs a little less, hunters have gradually forgotten about it. until one day hh
wolf hunters and hounds with hunting, Pa Pa health world health world txt Complete Collection download download | Pa Medical World txt | Pa Medical World txt Download | txt Complete Download | Jiuding Complete credited txt download | The Complete Works of God Cemetery txt download | dragon txt Collection download | download The Complete Works of Sun God, txt |, accidentally sprained foot, hunting out the tools. and the pain so that he could shall not, and he left home to go very far in a short time will not come to rescue him. he could only place his family to come sit down and wait. Then one day the wolf hungry slowly near the hunter, tempted to touch the touch the feet of the hunter, when he found the hunter does not move when you have absolutely shattered at once ferocious, like a true wolf-like bite to the hunter's throat. the moment the hunter could not believe my eyes, he could not believe they love a good hand-rearing He could even eat a large wolf. The Code has been around hunting dogs in the Hunter has taken precaution, the moment the wolf dogs also will jump jump get in between the host and the hungry wolf. life and death of the pump to start again, but If you lost that dog owners will become wolf food. was brought along hunters, brave and skilled hunting dogs eager to defend their master, not of the toward the wolves, as it forced out of the owner. and physically larger, but the frustration with lack of physical and hungry for a day, and gradually losing ground. finally turn tail fled. The guard dog is food or drink until the host side of relief personnel to arrive. masters stroked after dogs with wounds, tears. Then he learned that the reason why dogs and wolves fight every night because the owner of the wolf has always wanted to ride him to sleep and eat is in the protection of the dog owner. and he was wrong about the dog . If he gave the dog is really disastrous consequences to others that ah.
the saying goes, dogs are loyal cat and the wolf is a traitor. and for being loyal and are often misunderstood and rejected by others. so grateful to be raised to believe in yourself Goua. dog owner is absolutely loyal they will not harm you, will save you.
Wednesday, December 29, 2010
Tuesday, December 28, 2010
Daquan fabric
Fabric material is used to make clothing. As one of the three elements of clothing, fabric can not only interpret.
Production in the formal social occasions wearing the clothing, should choose cotton, wool, pure silk, pure hemp products . to the four natural texture of fabric production of clothing, mostly of high rank. Sometimes, wearing clothing made of pure leather, are also allowed.
we will shape characteristics of different materials and fabrics in the clothing design using simple described below.
1. soft fabrics soft fabrics are generally thin, good drape, shape lines smooth, natural stretch clothing outline. soft fabrics including knitted fabric structure evacuation of soft fabrics and silk fabrics and thin yarn fabrics. soft, knitted fabrics are often used in linear fashion design concise style reflects the graceful curve of the body; silk, linen and other fabrics are more common in loose and pleated effect of the shape, the performance of the fluid lines of a sense of fabric.
2 . very cool very cool fabrics fabrics have clear lines a sense of volume, can form full of clothing outline. common are cotton, polyester cotton fabrics, corduroy, linen and a variety of thick wool and chemical fiber fabrics and so on, such material modeling accuracy can be used to highlight the design of clothing, such as suits, suit design.
3. shiny fabrics and shiny fabrics with smooth surface can reflect the light, a shiny feeling. Such fabrics include satin structure of the fabric. the most commonly used in evening dress or theatrical performance in services, produce a strong dazzling visual effects. shiny fabrics in the dress of the performers in the shape of a very wide degree of freedom, can have simple or a more exaggerated form design mode .
4. heavy fabrics thick Tinggua heavy fabrics, to produce a stable shape effects, including various types of thick woolen cloth and quilted fabrics. The fabric has a sense of physical expansion, not too much use of pleating and stacking, the design of the A-and H-shape is most appropriate.
5. transparent fabrics transparent thin and transparent type of fabric texture, with elegant and mysterious artistic effect. including cotton, silk, chemical fiber fabrics and so on, such as georgette, satin Article silk, chemical fiber, lace and so on. To express the transparency of fabric, often full line of natural, varied and round table H-shape design.
below, on the common characteristics of each fabric to make some brief .
1, cotton
is the general term for various types of cotton textiles. It is usually used to make fashion, casual wear, underwear and shirts. It has the advantage of easy warm, soft close, moisture absorption, ventilation is very good. Its disadvantage is that easy to shrink, easy to fold, not crisp and beautiful appearance, in dress must always ironing.
2, linen
is hemp, flax, ramie, jute, sisal, abaca and other plant fiber made of a hemp fabric. are generally used to make casual wear, work wear, is also more common in the summer with its production. It has the advantage of high strength, moisture absorption, thermal conductivity, permeability very good. It's disadvantage is not very comfortable wearing, look more rough, blunt.
3, as raw silk, silk textiles
is made of a variety of silk fabrics collectively. and cotton, as it many varieties, different personality. It can be used to produce a variety of clothing, especially suitable for making women's clothing. its strength is thin, fit, soft, smooth, breathable, colorful, shiny, elegant, wearing comfortable. It's less prone to wrinkles is easy to suck the body, not strong enough, faded fast.
4, woolen
known as wool, it is to use various types of wool and cashmere woven into the fabric of the generic name . It is usually applied to the production of dresses, suits, coats and other formal, high-end clothing. Its advantage is wrinkle resistant, soft, elegant and crisp, flexible, warm and strong. Its disadvantages are washing more difficult, not suitable for production of summer.
5, is the result of tanning leather
made fur fabrics. It used to make more than fashion, winter clothes. they can be divided into two categories: leather, that is, to the hair after processed leather. Second, fur, that is, treated skin, hair, leather. It has the advantage of light and warm, elegant and poised. It's disadvantage is that expensive, storage, care, higher, and it is not universal. < br> 6, synthetic
is short for chemical fibers. It is the use made of polymer fiber as raw material for textiles. Usually it is divided into two main categories of artificial fibers and synthetic fibers. their common advantage is colorful , soft, drape crisp, smooth and comfortable. Their disadvantage is that wear resistance, heat resistance, moisture absorption, ventilation is poor, easily deformed by heat, prone to static electricity. Although it can be used to produce various types of clothing, but the overall level is not high, hard your humble.
7, blended with natural fibers
is in accordance with a certain proportion of chemical fiber, textile made of mixed fabric, used to make all kinds of clothing. its strengths It is not only absorbed the cotton, hemp, silk, wool and chemical fiber of their respective advantages, but also as far as possible to avoid their own shortcomings, but relatively low in value, so popular.
This chapter describes these the nature of fabric categories, characteristics and identification methods and other knowledge.
identification of components of Section fabric fabric composition
simple identification method is burning. practice is drawn at the seams of clothing next strand contains the cloth warp and weft yarn, the use of fire to ignite, observe the state of flame, smell the burned yarn fabric odor and see the residue after combustion, in order to determine the durability of the label and clothing fabric components are marked match in order to identify the authenticity of material composition.
a cotton fiber and hemp fiber and hemp fiber cotton fiber
are just near the flame that is burning, burning rapidly, yellow flame, emitting blue smoke. both in the burning odor and ash after burning the difference is that the issue of paper burning smell of cotton, linen smell of burning ash; burn, a very small powder ashes of cotton, are black or gray, hemp is a small amount of white powder dust produced.
Second, the wool fibers wool and silk
smoke, fire, burning blisters, burning slowly, emitting a smell of burning hair, coke, ashes after burning mostly shiny black spherical particles, finger pressure is broken. shrunk silk tangled in a fire, burning slowly, accompanied by hiss, emitting a burning smell fever hair, dark brown after burning to form small spherical ashes, hand-twist that is broken.
three, nylon and generic polyamide fiber nylon polyester
, crouched near the flame that quickly melt into a white gel, melted in the flame burning dripping and blistering, burning without the flame, leave the fire difficult to burn, emitting a celery flavor, cooling light brown melt is not easy after crush. Polyester generic polyester fiber, easy to ignite, the flame that is melting in recent reduction, black smoke when burned side edge melting, yellow flame, and a sweet odor, burning after the ashes are dark brown lumps with finger crush.
IV, acrylic and polypropylene
generic acrylic fiber, reduced melting softening near the fire, black smoke after the fire, the flame is white, close to the fire quickly burned, emitting a burning meat bitter smell of burning ashes after the irregular black lumps, hand twist fragile. PP generic fiber, that close to the flame melting shrinkage, flammable, slow burning and black smoke from the fire, the flame yellow top, blue bottom, distribution of the oil taste, burning to ashes after the round light brown particles of hard, hand twist breakable.
five generic PVA polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl chloride fiber
polyvinyl formal fibers, not ignite, melt shrinkage near flame, burning the top of a little flame, to be melted into the gel fibers are larger flames, thick smoke and distributing hard fragrant odor, burning after the small black bead-like particles remaining, available fingers crushed. polyvinyl chloride fiber generic polyvinyl chloride fiber, hard burns from the fire that is extinguished, the flame was yellow, the bottom green white smoke, distribute irritating pungent spicy sour, burned to ashes as a dark brown irregular lumps, easily crush fingers.
six spandex with Teflon
scientific name of polyurethane spandex fiber, near the fire burning edge melting, burning blue flame, leave the fire burning to melt, emit a special pungent odor, burning after the soft fluffy black and gray ashes. generic Poly Teflon PTFE fiber, ISO organization called fluorite fiber, melt only near the flame, difficult ignition, do not burn, the flame was blue-green edge of carbon, melting and decomposition of toxic gases, molten material is hard and round black beads. Teflon fibers in the textile industry, sewing thread used in the manufacture of high performance.
seven, viscose fiber and copper ammonium rayon fibers
flammable, burning fast, yellow flame, emitting odor of burning paper, ashes after burning less , was smooth and fine twisted ribbon light gray or gray powder. cuprammonium common name tiger kapok fiber, near the flame that is burning, burning speed, the flame yellow, sour ester distribution, very little ash after burning, only a small amount of gray and black ash. Identification of pure wool fabric
Section
pure wool fabrics, natural color and soft, warm effect, is to produce high-grade fabric of choice for suits and coats. but now more and more imitation wool, with the textile technology improve the customer has reached the most difficult to identify the level, but the color, warmth, feel, etc. is far less than pure wool fabrics. Here are some identification method fabric pure wool for clothing and fabrics in the selection of your reference .
one hand touch feeling. pure wool fabric is usually feel silky, smooth hair hairy fabrics feel silky touch, against hair tingling. and blended or pure chemical fiber products, and some less soft, and some are too soft and loose , and a sticky feeling.
Second, look at color. pure wool fabric soft natural color and bright without the old sense. In contrast, blended or pure synthetic fabric, or shiny dark, or a sense of flash and color .
Third, look at flexibility. hand to defend the tight thing, and then immediately let go, to see the fabric flexibility. pure wool fabric rebound rate, can be quickly restored the status quo, and blended or synthetic product, poor crease resistance Most left obvious traces of folds, or the slow recovery.
IV Identification of combustion. take a bunch of yarn, with fire, wool fibers smell like burning hair, chemical fiber fabrics like burning plastic smell. combustion The more hard particles after chemical components that more.
five single identification. all animals under the microscope to see the hair there is a scale, if the fabric is so hairy mammoth on the map as long as the same as taking a few rub will move up or down (in order to master the skills to do a hair test can acquire), if an ordinary fabric, taking a yarn, cut 2 cm split into two fibers on the palm of the hand one by one rub in the next four or five to see if they will not move.
Section wool textile raw materials
present, wool fabric on the market used animal hair fibers, there are basically sheep wool, goat hair, camel wool and rabbit hair several.
one daily dosage of wool
largest sweaters, woolen cloth, blankets and other dense mainly sheep with the sheep. in the weaving industry, the largest amount of sheep wool, so , the higher the count, the better the quality, the higher series, the worse the quality.
wool has been admiration for the people, name. The wool fiber thin and long, woolly sheep is the most high-quality varieties. Others, such as New Zealand, South America, Europe, Southern Alps and others have raised, and reputation in the world.
Shenandoah hair also common species. Shenandoah formerly known as Shetland wool hair, as produced in Shetland, Scotland got its name. As Shenandoah hair to hair as the main and more coarse mixture of wool and the opposite direction, this natural the thickness of the mixture, forming a unique wool fabric Shenandoah full and fluffy and soft but not delicate, shiny and elastic characteristics of good, with the rough style. However, the Shenandoah gross output less demand, the market's The so-called Shenandoah hair style products, some of the Sheep wool, lamb wool in fact, the feel thicker, and more use made of wool.
Second, mountain goat wool
who is clipping the coarse goat hair and dead hair. General Mountain wool body hair is very short, not spinning, can only be made coarse brush, brush and the like, only mohair exception. mohair or mohair, produced in the Angolan province of Turkey, North America and South Asia and other places, is a high quality wool fiber surface smooth, rarely curly, long and thick, soft and strong with a silk-like luster, excellent elasticity, wear resistance and high strength, is a system of jacquard woven blankets, plush, smooth hair coat it, artificial fur fabric and other senior the ideal raw material. rough hand-woven mohair sweater knitting, wrapped in soft silky fibers, such as Wuban constitute noble, active, and rough clothing style, very popular. defender of the Northwest mohair goat classes are also . But in the market, it was the fluffy style of acrylic bulk yarn called
alpaca alpaca (ALPACA), also known as as the high quality garment materials. camel wool on the market today, most of the products in Eastern Europe.
four
rabbit fur with light, thin, soft, warm and strong, the characteristics of cheaper by the people favorite. It is composed of the valuables of the villi and coarse, mainly ordinary rabbit rabbits and Angola, and the latter quality is superior. The difference is that hair and wool fibers slender, smooth surface, in particular, easily identifiable. the rabbit low intensity and difficult to separate the spinning, so much blended with wool or other fibers, manufacture knitwear and women into it, coat it and other apparel fabrics.
wool
concept and identity in the market, people can often see wool products are wool How many state standards are clearly defined. so that we understand. wool product is not 100% wool, pure wool products marked, it is already required to join the range of non-wool fibers, and thus should be less than 100% wool prices low.
short, to the booming market to buy desirable wool textiles, apart from the use of look, touch, ask, comparison of methods to identify, but can be analyzed on a price. Of course, the safest or to increase knowledge about the product.
recognition of cashmere, alpaca, mohair
one
cashmere cashmere goats from the bottom of fine hair, goat grows in the alpine grassland, for example, China's Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Liaoning and other places. China is the world's largest producer of cashmere, cashmere yield of total world output 1 / 2, which went for the top grade of cashmere in Inner Mongolia. cashmere fiber is characterized by a thin, soft . The fabric feels soft, smooth waxy, soft gloss, more than the same thickness of the wool fabric is much lighter weight, and most of suede style. In general, more light from white cashmere cashmere coat, good quality; and Most of the dark or green velvet from Zirong, less quality.
II
alpaca from alpaca called ;) animals, the animals mainly grown in the Peruvian Andes. Andes, 4,500 meters above sea level, a great temperature difference between day and night, night -20 ~ -18 ��, and the day 15 ~ 18 ��, the strong solar radiation, atmospheric thin, cold the wind blows. in such a harsh environment for those living in the alpaca, the hair, of course, can withstand extreme temperature changes. alpaca wool not only moisture, but also effective against solar radiation, alpaca fiber contains microscopic visualization of the pulp cavity, so its thermal performance is better than wool, cashmere and mohair.
addition, alpaca fiber has more than 17 natural colors: from white to black, and a series of different shades of brown, gray, is a special animal Natural fibers, most colorful fiber. we saw in the market, alpaca fiber is longer, beautiful color; often say > Third,
mohair mohair is mohair is mainly produced in South Africa, which is characterized by coarse fiber, curled little luster. mohair fabric feels very smooth, shiny surface it enough. mohair and alpaca fabrics along as much as short hair style.
Section IV describes
silk fabrics silk silk and it normally two types of silk fabric, silk fabric, both with the tag, then how do identify the code number on the label ? these figures a total of five. The first number represents the raw materials used in goods; the second number represents the product of the fabric, followed by the number of commodities. In this figure before, but also with an uppercase letter on behalf of the origin of goods from the number of silk products, you can identify origin of raw materials and products.
raw silk code: , mulberry silk, silk; filament woven, or filament interwoven with short Siwei; Guangdong, H Zhejiang, J Jiangxi, K is of Jiangsu, M Fujian, N Guangxi, Q Shaanxi, S for Shanghai, T Tianjin, V Henan, W Anhui, X for Hunan.
Identification of V Leather
Leather Therefore, the leather is both a term for all natural leather, the commodity market on a vague identity.
natural leather according to sub-types are pig leather, cow leather, sheep leather, horse leather, leather and kangaroo leather donkey, A small number of fish leather, leather, reptiles, amphibians, leather, ostrich leather. which was divided into cattle leather, cow leather, buffalo leather, Yak leather and leather Pianniu; sheep and goat leather sheep leather into leather . according to their level of points, there are the first layer of leather and split leather, in which the first layer of leather with full grain leather and leather shaving; have split leather cow split leather pig split leather and so on. in the main types of leather , cattle and sheep leather, leather, thin flat surface, hair eyes small, dense internal structure of tight, leather body and playing with sexy plump better physical performance. Therefore, the superior cattle and sheep leather generally used as a high-end leather products The leather, the price is higher in the bulk of the leather of a kind.
leather in many varieties, full grain leather should top the list, because it is less by a high grade raw material for disabled workers and Piga Cheng, well-preserved natural leather surface state, the coating is thin, can show a pattern of animal skins natural beauty. It is not only wear, but also has good permeability.
shaved leather, is the use of buffing machine leather coating surface after light grinding, then pressed on and made the appropriate pattern. is actually a natural with a disability or rough leather surface was state of thick coating layers, wear resistance and air permeability less than the full grain leather.
split leather, is a thick skin with a film derived from the machine split, the first layer used for full grain leather or Corrected leather, floor after finishing or film made of split leather and other processes, its fastness, wear resistance is poor, the cheapest kind of a leather.
Here we re-introduce some commonly used method:
one hand: the hand-to-leather surface, if smooth, soft, plump, flexible feel that leather; and general man-made synthetic leather face astringent, rigid, soft and poor.
Second, watch: To observe the real leather face a clearer pores, pattern, yellow leather have a more symmetrical pores, yak skin has coarse pores and sparse, with scaly pores goat, pig skin has coarse pores triangle, The leather, although imitation of the pores, but not clear. to introduce the following pig leather, horse leather, cow leather, sheep leather characteristics and identification methods: cow leather surface thin, high strength, the most suitable for making shoes; sheep leather light , thin and soft fabric is ideal for leather clothing; water vapor permeability of leather pig performance, more suitable for making underwear and children's products; horse leather fiber structure more closely, the intensity is high, for the production of leather pants and boots better. In general, the thickness of the leather surface of the pores, is the distinction between density and distribution of cattle leather, pig leather, horse leather and sheep leather the main basis.
pig leather: leather surface of the pores are round and thick than obliquely within the stretching leather. pores arranged in a group of three, leather surface showing the pattern of many small triangles.
cow leather: leather of cattle and buffalo leather are called cow leather, but they also have some differences. Huang cow leather surface of the pores were round, leather stretching more direct manner, the pores close and uniform, arranged in irregular, like the stars. buffalo than cattle leather leather surface of coarse pores, pore over the number of rare cattle leather, leathery more relaxed, full and detailed as cattle leather. horse leather: leather surface of the oval-shaped pores, the pores slightly larger than cattle leather, arranged in a regular.
sheep leather: leather grain oblate pores, the pores clear composed of a group of a few, arranged in scaly.
three odor: all real leather has the smell of leather; and leather are strong plastic with one irritating odor.
four, lit: from real leather and leather on the back tore off one o'clock fiber, lit, who issued a pungent odor, formed lump is leather; any given hair smell, does not bear a hard nut to crack is the dermis.
leather logo leather logo
In the State Administration for Industry registered certification mark, where the features a leather logo leather products have three characteristics: 1, the product is made with quality leather; 2, the product is working well in the high-end products; 3 consumers to buy features a leather logo leather products enjoy a good after-sales service. is not made of genuine leather products will not be able features a leather logo, like features a leather logo, China Leather Industry Association and subject to rigorous review, approval, side can Peigua. China Leather Industry Association every year the quality of its testing to ensure product quality.
leather logo is a registered trademark of the whole sheep, a pair of horns, a skin-shaped pattern consisting of artistic distortion . the overall pattern was round drum, a GLP three letters of the central pattern is the abbreviation of leather products, the main color is white with black patterns, only three letters in red. pictorial meaning: cattle, sheep and pigs are leather products The three main natural leather raw material, was circular drum patterns, leather industry on the one hand a symbol of the main processing equipment drum, the other a symbol of the leather industry rolling forward.
VI suit fabric knowledge
a pure chemical fiber fabrics
1, pure polyester tweed. fine smooth surface clean, clear bar, feel pretty, cool, easy to wash and quick drying, easy to wear long after the fluff. men and women to do a Spring and Autumn.
2, Viscose Tweed (Express bus). 50 ~ 65% polyester, 50 ~ 35% viscose, wool feeling strong, feeling full thick, good flexibility, low cost. men and women to do a Spring and Autumn clothing.
3, knitted polyester. soft, flexible, and the appearance of plump, crisp, easy to wash and dry quickly. men and women to do a Spring and Autumn clothing.
4, woolen fabrics commonly known as Therefore, the merits of the poor fabric is also great.
5, coat it. a flat thick, velvet, smooth hair, emboss and other varieties. texture and rich, warm and strong. importing wool and with a secondary domestic wool spinning quality is better, it planing, smooth feel, good elasticity. homemade three, four the feel of wool spinning and stiff, it faces a grab hair. men and women to do a length of coat.
6, wheat Golden. made of imported wool or a wool, mixed with a small amount of worsted wool into a short. it fullness, fine clean smooth body bone close and very real, flexible, can not ball, do not open at the end. should be men and women clothing and women's coats.
7, navy. with one or two short of domestic wool worsted wool and a small amount into. it fine the whole surface of soft, flexible feel quite real. Some products are raising phenomenon. use with Melton.
8, uniforms yet. with three or four domestic worsted wool with a minor back hair, short wool into. it planing, feel slightly rough, grab hair, wearing long was exposed after the end of But fastness wear. should be uniform.
9, flannel. what gray uniform surface blending, suede slightly exposed pattern, feel full, fine clean smooth, elegant appearance. men and women to do a Spring and Autumn clothing.
10, tweed. with a 1-3 mixed with some sticky domestic wool fiber is made. it faces thick, durable fastness, color range. men and women spring to do a shirt and high-end dual-use children.
II Mixed textiles
1, polyester wool tweed. which 55% polyester, 45% wool, thick texture, feel full, high strength, good fastness, crisp, wrinkle resistance. to do a fall and winter clothing.
2 , cool it. of which 55% polyester, 45% wool, thin material, but the fastness durable, with a cool, slippery, pretty, wrinkle, shrink-proof, easy to wash and quick-drying and so on. to do a spring and summer clothing, not so winter clothing.
3, polyester wool tweed stick. Polyester 40%, wool 30% viscose 30%, then fine clean surface, strong sense of wool, striped clear, crisp, good fastness, low cost economic reality
three, all wool
1, gabardine. yarn fine, then almost the entire surface smooth, feel smooth, rich and flexible, full straight lines. should sew suits, Zhongshan Fu, Ladie's Wear . drawback is the site of frequent friction knee, hip, after easily from the light.
2, serge. lines wide, flat surface than gabardine, feel soft, flexible, and less than gabardine thick, color fastness, use the same gabardine. < br> 3, tweed. tweed by weight can be divided into thin (300 grams / m) and in the thick tweed (300 to 400 g / m). what surface is smooth, the color symmetry, flexibility, a clear pattern of change range . men and women to do a variety of coat, suit coat.
4, Han taste it. luster natural soft, then planing the surface with short fine plush, soft wool feel. to do a spring and dual-use shirt and suit.
5 valitin. fine yarn, raw material is good, but the density of thin, light and smooth surface does. feel very smooth, good flexibility, bright color wash. wish for summer clothes and winter jacket material
6, send the Legislative Division . luster soft, supple, flexible, and feel smooth, thin, cool, less than valitin fastness. The most suitable for all kinds of men and women in summer clothes.
7, female clothing it. yarn smaller, structure is more loose, feel soft and flexible, color and more color is gorgeous. often used as a dual-shirt and jacket women face the Spring and Autumn.
8, satin it. density, feel heavy, soft, smooth, shiny and bright, resilient . to do a coat, Zhongshan Fu.
VII knowledge
a wool, wool is generally divided into categories
knitting yarn knitting wool (the wool) and the knitting yarn (referred to as knitting wool) two to wool the number of shares, differentiate between special numbers and use as a standard.
knitting: more than three strands Chunghwa Express Corp (including the three evil), but the number of shares in six or more special (including six) are for the wool.
knitted cashmere : Chunghwa Express Corp II shares in the six joint stock tex or less, or finished as a single unit, designed for the knitwear processing with three, and both are for knitting wool.
II products of knitting wool knitting yarn and No.
knitted woolen and woolen yarn is divided into two categories, the Arabic numerals, buy, wool and trademarks on the description of the first Arabic numerals: (4 classes)
0 - worsted wool (with often omitted)
1 - woolen yarn
2 - worsted knitting yarn (This code sometimes do not write)
3 - woolen knitting yarn
second digits, on behalf of knitting wool Item number or types of materials chosen, a total of 10 categories, the code is:
0 - cashmere Huo cashmere blended with other fibers.
1 - heterogeneous Mao (also known as the country hair, including large part of the domestic wool, wool fibers and the length of their quite different)
2 - homogeneous hair (also known as outer hair, including the import of wool and a small number of domestic wool, the wool fiber length difference in the thickness and smaller)
3 - homogeneous wool and viscose fibers
4 - homogeneous and heterogeneous wool wool
5 - Heterogeneity wool and viscose fibers
6 - wool and synthetic homogeneous fibers
7 - Heterogeneous wool and synthetic blend
8 - pure chemical fiber and blended with each other
9 - other raw materials.
listed above, code-named - Cashmere Huo cashmere and other fibers (except nylon) blend;
1 - white cashmere
2 - Castle cashmere
3 - purple cashmere
4 - cashmere and nylon blend
5 - Short-haired
6 - rabbit (lamb wool)
7 - camel
8 - yak
9 - Other
Production in the formal social occasions wearing the clothing, should choose cotton, wool, pure silk, pure hemp products . to the four natural texture of fabric production of clothing, mostly of high rank. Sometimes, wearing clothing made of pure leather, are also allowed.
we will shape characteristics of different materials and fabrics in the clothing design using simple described below.
1. soft fabrics soft fabrics are generally thin, good drape, shape lines smooth, natural stretch clothing outline. soft fabrics including knitted fabric structure evacuation of soft fabrics and silk fabrics and thin yarn fabrics. soft, knitted fabrics are often used in linear fashion design concise style reflects the graceful curve of the body; silk, linen and other fabrics are more common in loose and pleated effect of the shape, the performance of the fluid lines of a sense of fabric.
2 . very cool very cool fabrics fabrics have clear lines a sense of volume, can form full of clothing outline. common are cotton, polyester cotton fabrics, corduroy, linen and a variety of thick wool and chemical fiber fabrics and so on, such material modeling accuracy can be used to highlight the design of clothing, such as suits, suit design.
3. shiny fabrics and shiny fabrics with smooth surface can reflect the light, a shiny feeling. Such fabrics include satin structure of the fabric. the most commonly used in evening dress or theatrical performance in services, produce a strong dazzling visual effects. shiny fabrics in the dress of the performers in the shape of a very wide degree of freedom, can have simple or a more exaggerated form design mode .
4. heavy fabrics thick Tinggua heavy fabrics, to produce a stable shape effects, including various types of thick woolen cloth and quilted fabrics. The fabric has a sense of physical expansion, not too much use of pleating and stacking, the design of the A-and H-shape is most appropriate.
5. transparent fabrics transparent thin and transparent type of fabric texture, with elegant and mysterious artistic effect. including cotton, silk, chemical fiber fabrics and so on, such as georgette, satin Article silk, chemical fiber, lace and so on. To express the transparency of fabric, often full line of natural, varied and round table H-shape design.
below, on the common characteristics of each fabric to make some brief .
1, cotton
is the general term for various types of cotton textiles. It is usually used to make fashion, casual wear, underwear and shirts. It has the advantage of easy warm, soft close, moisture absorption, ventilation is very good. Its disadvantage is that easy to shrink, easy to fold, not crisp and beautiful appearance, in dress must always ironing.
2, linen
is hemp, flax, ramie, jute, sisal, abaca and other plant fiber made of a hemp fabric. are generally used to make casual wear, work wear, is also more common in the summer with its production. It has the advantage of high strength, moisture absorption, thermal conductivity, permeability very good. It's disadvantage is not very comfortable wearing, look more rough, blunt.
3, as raw silk, silk textiles
is made of a variety of silk fabrics collectively. and cotton, as it many varieties, different personality. It can be used to produce a variety of clothing, especially suitable for making women's clothing. its strength is thin, fit, soft, smooth, breathable, colorful, shiny, elegant, wearing comfortable. It's less prone to wrinkles is easy to suck the body, not strong enough, faded fast.
4, woolen
known as wool, it is to use various types of wool and cashmere woven into the fabric of the generic name . It is usually applied to the production of dresses, suits, coats and other formal, high-end clothing. Its advantage is wrinkle resistant, soft, elegant and crisp, flexible, warm and strong. Its disadvantages are washing more difficult, not suitable for production of summer.
5, is the result of tanning leather
made fur fabrics. It used to make more than fashion, winter clothes. they can be divided into two categories: leather, that is, to the hair after processed leather. Second, fur, that is, treated skin, hair, leather. It has the advantage of light and warm, elegant and poised. It's disadvantage is that expensive, storage, care, higher, and it is not universal. < br> 6, synthetic
is short for chemical fibers. It is the use made of polymer fiber as raw material for textiles. Usually it is divided into two main categories of artificial fibers and synthetic fibers. their common advantage is colorful , soft, drape crisp, smooth and comfortable. Their disadvantage is that wear resistance, heat resistance, moisture absorption, ventilation is poor, easily deformed by heat, prone to static electricity. Although it can be used to produce various types of clothing, but the overall level is not high, hard your humble.
7, blended with natural fibers
is in accordance with a certain proportion of chemical fiber, textile made of mixed fabric, used to make all kinds of clothing. its strengths It is not only absorbed the cotton, hemp, silk, wool and chemical fiber of their respective advantages, but also as far as possible to avoid their own shortcomings, but relatively low in value, so popular.
This chapter describes these the nature of fabric categories, characteristics and identification methods and other knowledge.
identification of components of Section fabric fabric composition
simple identification method is burning. practice is drawn at the seams of clothing next strand contains the cloth warp and weft yarn, the use of fire to ignite, observe the state of flame, smell the burned yarn fabric odor and see the residue after combustion, in order to determine the durability of the label and clothing fabric components are marked match in order to identify the authenticity of material composition.
a cotton fiber and hemp fiber and hemp fiber cotton fiber
are just near the flame that is burning, burning rapidly, yellow flame, emitting blue smoke. both in the burning odor and ash after burning the difference is that the issue of paper burning smell of cotton, linen smell of burning ash; burn, a very small powder ashes of cotton, are black or gray, hemp is a small amount of white powder dust produced.
Second, the wool fibers wool and silk
smoke, fire, burning blisters, burning slowly, emitting a smell of burning hair, coke, ashes after burning mostly shiny black spherical particles, finger pressure is broken. shrunk silk tangled in a fire, burning slowly, accompanied by hiss, emitting a burning smell fever hair, dark brown after burning to form small spherical ashes, hand-twist that is broken.
three, nylon and generic polyamide fiber nylon polyester
, crouched near the flame that quickly melt into a white gel, melted in the flame burning dripping and blistering, burning without the flame, leave the fire difficult to burn, emitting a celery flavor, cooling light brown melt is not easy after crush. Polyester generic polyester fiber, easy to ignite, the flame that is melting in recent reduction, black smoke when burned side edge melting, yellow flame, and a sweet odor, burning after the ashes are dark brown lumps with finger crush.
IV, acrylic and polypropylene
generic acrylic fiber, reduced melting softening near the fire, black smoke after the fire, the flame is white, close to the fire quickly burned, emitting a burning meat bitter smell of burning ashes after the irregular black lumps, hand twist fragile. PP generic fiber, that close to the flame melting shrinkage, flammable, slow burning and black smoke from the fire, the flame yellow top, blue bottom, distribution of the oil taste, burning to ashes after the round light brown particles of hard, hand twist breakable.
five generic PVA polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl chloride fiber
polyvinyl formal fibers, not ignite, melt shrinkage near flame, burning the top of a little flame, to be melted into the gel fibers are larger flames, thick smoke and distributing hard fragrant odor, burning after the small black bead-like particles remaining, available fingers crushed. polyvinyl chloride fiber generic polyvinyl chloride fiber, hard burns from the fire that is extinguished, the flame was yellow, the bottom green white smoke, distribute irritating pungent spicy sour, burned to ashes as a dark brown irregular lumps, easily crush fingers.
six spandex with Teflon
scientific name of polyurethane spandex fiber, near the fire burning edge melting, burning blue flame, leave the fire burning to melt, emit a special pungent odor, burning after the soft fluffy black and gray ashes. generic Poly Teflon PTFE fiber, ISO organization called fluorite fiber, melt only near the flame, difficult ignition, do not burn, the flame was blue-green edge of carbon, melting and decomposition of toxic gases, molten material is hard and round black beads. Teflon fibers in the textile industry, sewing thread used in the manufacture of high performance.
seven, viscose fiber and copper ammonium rayon fibers
flammable, burning fast, yellow flame, emitting odor of burning paper, ashes after burning less , was smooth and fine twisted ribbon light gray or gray powder. cuprammonium common name tiger kapok fiber, near the flame that is burning, burning speed, the flame yellow, sour ester distribution, very little ash after burning, only a small amount of gray and black ash. Identification of pure wool fabric
Section
pure wool fabrics, natural color and soft, warm effect, is to produce high-grade fabric of choice for suits and coats. but now more and more imitation wool, with the textile technology improve the customer has reached the most difficult to identify the level, but the color, warmth, feel, etc. is far less than pure wool fabrics. Here are some identification method fabric pure wool for clothing and fabrics in the selection of your reference .
one hand touch feeling. pure wool fabric is usually feel silky, smooth hair hairy fabrics feel silky touch, against hair tingling. and blended or pure chemical fiber products, and some less soft, and some are too soft and loose , and a sticky feeling.
Second, look at color. pure wool fabric soft natural color and bright without the old sense. In contrast, blended or pure synthetic fabric, or shiny dark, or a sense of flash and color .
Third, look at flexibility. hand to defend the tight thing, and then immediately let go, to see the fabric flexibility. pure wool fabric rebound rate, can be quickly restored the status quo, and blended or synthetic product, poor crease resistance Most left obvious traces of folds, or the slow recovery.
IV Identification of combustion. take a bunch of yarn, with fire, wool fibers smell like burning hair, chemical fiber fabrics like burning plastic smell. combustion The more hard particles after chemical components that more.
five single identification. all animals under the microscope to see the hair there is a scale, if the fabric is so hairy mammoth on the map as long as the same as taking a few rub will move up or down (in order to master the skills to do a hair test can acquire), if an ordinary fabric, taking a yarn, cut 2 cm split into two fibers on the palm of the hand one by one rub in the next four or five to see if they will not move.
Section wool textile raw materials
present, wool fabric on the market used animal hair fibers, there are basically sheep wool, goat hair, camel wool and rabbit hair several.
one daily dosage of wool
largest sweaters, woolen cloth, blankets and other dense mainly sheep with the sheep. in the weaving industry, the largest amount of sheep wool, so , the higher the count, the better the quality, the higher series, the worse the quality.
wool has been admiration for the people, name. The wool fiber thin and long, woolly sheep is the most high-quality varieties. Others, such as New Zealand, South America, Europe, Southern Alps and others have raised, and reputation in the world.
Shenandoah hair also common species. Shenandoah formerly known as Shetland wool hair, as produced in Shetland, Scotland got its name. As Shenandoah hair to hair as the main and more coarse mixture of wool and the opposite direction, this natural the thickness of the mixture, forming a unique wool fabric Shenandoah full and fluffy and soft but not delicate, shiny and elastic characteristics of good, with the rough style. However, the Shenandoah gross output less demand, the market's The so-called Shenandoah hair style products, some of the Sheep wool, lamb wool in fact, the feel thicker, and more use made of wool.
Second, mountain goat wool
who is clipping the coarse goat hair and dead hair. General Mountain wool body hair is very short, not spinning, can only be made coarse brush, brush and the like, only mohair exception. mohair or mohair, produced in the Angolan province of Turkey, North America and South Asia and other places, is a high quality wool fiber surface smooth, rarely curly, long and thick, soft and strong with a silk-like luster, excellent elasticity, wear resistance and high strength, is a system of jacquard woven blankets, plush, smooth hair coat it, artificial fur fabric and other senior the ideal raw material. rough hand-woven mohair sweater knitting, wrapped in soft silky fibers, such as Wuban constitute noble, active, and rough clothing style, very popular. defender of the Northwest mohair goat classes are also . But in the market, it was the fluffy style of acrylic bulk yarn called
alpaca alpaca (ALPACA), also known as as the high quality garment materials. camel wool on the market today, most of the products in Eastern Europe.
four
rabbit fur with light, thin, soft, warm and strong, the characteristics of cheaper by the people favorite. It is composed of the valuables of the villi and coarse, mainly ordinary rabbit rabbits and Angola, and the latter quality is superior. The difference is that hair and wool fibers slender, smooth surface, in particular, easily identifiable. the rabbit low intensity and difficult to separate the spinning, so much blended with wool or other fibers, manufacture knitwear and women into it, coat it and other apparel fabrics.
wool
concept and identity in the market, people can often see wool products are wool How many state standards are clearly defined. so that we understand. wool product is not 100% wool, pure wool products marked, it is already required to join the range of non-wool fibers, and thus should be less than 100% wool prices low.
short, to the booming market to buy desirable wool textiles, apart from the use of look, touch, ask, comparison of methods to identify, but can be analyzed on a price. Of course, the safest or to increase knowledge about the product.
recognition of cashmere, alpaca, mohair
one
cashmere cashmere goats from the bottom of fine hair, goat grows in the alpine grassland, for example, China's Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Liaoning and other places. China is the world's largest producer of cashmere, cashmere yield of total world output 1 / 2, which went for the top grade of cashmere in Inner Mongolia. cashmere fiber is characterized by a thin, soft . The fabric feels soft, smooth waxy, soft gloss, more than the same thickness of the wool fabric is much lighter weight, and most of suede style. In general, more light from white cashmere cashmere coat, good quality; and Most of the dark or green velvet from Zirong, less quality.
II
alpaca from alpaca called ;) animals, the animals mainly grown in the Peruvian Andes. Andes, 4,500 meters above sea level, a great temperature difference between day and night, night -20 ~ -18 ��, and the day 15 ~ 18 ��, the strong solar radiation, atmospheric thin, cold the wind blows. in such a harsh environment for those living in the alpaca, the hair, of course, can withstand extreme temperature changes. alpaca wool not only moisture, but also effective against solar radiation, alpaca fiber contains microscopic visualization of the pulp cavity, so its thermal performance is better than wool, cashmere and mohair.
addition, alpaca fiber has more than 17 natural colors: from white to black, and a series of different shades of brown, gray, is a special animal Natural fibers, most colorful fiber. we saw in the market, alpaca fiber is longer, beautiful color; often say > Third,
mohair mohair is mohair is mainly produced in South Africa, which is characterized by coarse fiber, curled little luster. mohair fabric feels very smooth, shiny surface it enough. mohair and alpaca fabrics along as much as short hair style.
Section IV describes
silk fabrics silk silk and it normally two types of silk fabric, silk fabric, both with the tag, then how do identify the code number on the label ? these figures a total of five. The first number represents the raw materials used in goods; the second number represents the product of the fabric, followed by the number of commodities. In this figure before, but also with an uppercase letter on behalf of the origin of goods from the number of silk products, you can identify origin of raw materials and products.
raw silk code: , mulberry silk, silk; filament woven, or filament interwoven with short Siwei; Guangdong, H Zhejiang, J Jiangxi, K is of Jiangsu, M Fujian, N Guangxi, Q Shaanxi, S for Shanghai, T Tianjin, V Henan, W Anhui, X for Hunan.
Identification of V Leather
Leather Therefore, the leather is both a term for all natural leather, the commodity market on a vague identity.
natural leather according to sub-types are pig leather, cow leather, sheep leather, horse leather, leather and kangaroo leather donkey, A small number of fish leather, leather, reptiles, amphibians, leather, ostrich leather. which was divided into cattle leather, cow leather, buffalo leather, Yak leather and leather Pianniu; sheep and goat leather sheep leather into leather . according to their level of points, there are the first layer of leather and split leather, in which the first layer of leather with full grain leather and leather shaving; have split leather cow split leather pig split leather and so on. in the main types of leather , cattle and sheep leather, leather, thin flat surface, hair eyes small, dense internal structure of tight, leather body and playing with sexy plump better physical performance. Therefore, the superior cattle and sheep leather generally used as a high-end leather products The leather, the price is higher in the bulk of the leather of a kind.
leather in many varieties, full grain leather should top the list, because it is less by a high grade raw material for disabled workers and Piga Cheng, well-preserved natural leather surface state, the coating is thin, can show a pattern of animal skins natural beauty. It is not only wear, but also has good permeability.
shaved leather, is the use of buffing machine leather coating surface after light grinding, then pressed on and made the appropriate pattern. is actually a natural with a disability or rough leather surface was state of thick coating layers, wear resistance and air permeability less than the full grain leather.
split leather, is a thick skin with a film derived from the machine split, the first layer used for full grain leather or Corrected leather, floor after finishing or film made of split leather and other processes, its fastness, wear resistance is poor, the cheapest kind of a leather.
Here we re-introduce some commonly used method:
one hand: the hand-to-leather surface, if smooth, soft, plump, flexible feel that leather; and general man-made synthetic leather face astringent, rigid, soft and poor.
Second, watch: To observe the real leather face a clearer pores, pattern, yellow leather have a more symmetrical pores, yak skin has coarse pores and sparse, with scaly pores goat, pig skin has coarse pores triangle, The leather, although imitation of the pores, but not clear. to introduce the following pig leather, horse leather, cow leather, sheep leather characteristics and identification methods: cow leather surface thin, high strength, the most suitable for making shoes; sheep leather light , thin and soft fabric is ideal for leather clothing; water vapor permeability of leather pig performance, more suitable for making underwear and children's products; horse leather fiber structure more closely, the intensity is high, for the production of leather pants and boots better. In general, the thickness of the leather surface of the pores, is the distinction between density and distribution of cattle leather, pig leather, horse leather and sheep leather the main basis.
pig leather: leather surface of the pores are round and thick than obliquely within the stretching leather. pores arranged in a group of three, leather surface showing the pattern of many small triangles.
cow leather: leather of cattle and buffalo leather are called cow leather, but they also have some differences. Huang cow leather surface of the pores were round, leather stretching more direct manner, the pores close and uniform, arranged in irregular, like the stars. buffalo than cattle leather leather surface of coarse pores, pore over the number of rare cattle leather, leathery more relaxed, full and detailed as cattle leather. horse leather: leather surface of the oval-shaped pores, the pores slightly larger than cattle leather, arranged in a regular.
sheep leather: leather grain oblate pores, the pores clear composed of a group of a few, arranged in scaly.
three odor: all real leather has the smell of leather; and leather are strong plastic with one irritating odor.
four, lit: from real leather and leather on the back tore off one o'clock fiber, lit, who issued a pungent odor, formed lump is leather; any given hair smell, does not bear a hard nut to crack is the dermis.
leather logo leather logo
In the State Administration for Industry registered certification mark, where the features a leather logo leather products have three characteristics: 1, the product is made with quality leather; 2, the product is working well in the high-end products; 3 consumers to buy features a leather logo leather products enjoy a good after-sales service. is not made of genuine leather products will not be able features a leather logo, like features a leather logo, China Leather Industry Association and subject to rigorous review, approval, side can Peigua. China Leather Industry Association every year the quality of its testing to ensure product quality.
leather logo is a registered trademark of the whole sheep, a pair of horns, a skin-shaped pattern consisting of artistic distortion . the overall pattern was round drum, a GLP three letters of the central pattern is the abbreviation of leather products, the main color is white with black patterns, only three letters in red. pictorial meaning: cattle, sheep and pigs are leather products The three main natural leather raw material, was circular drum patterns, leather industry on the one hand a symbol of the main processing equipment drum, the other a symbol of the leather industry rolling forward.
VI suit fabric knowledge
a pure chemical fiber fabrics
1, pure polyester tweed. fine smooth surface clean, clear bar, feel pretty, cool, easy to wash and quick drying, easy to wear long after the fluff. men and women to do a Spring and Autumn.
2, Viscose Tweed (Express bus). 50 ~ 65% polyester, 50 ~ 35% viscose, wool feeling strong, feeling full thick, good flexibility, low cost. men and women to do a Spring and Autumn clothing.
3, knitted polyester. soft, flexible, and the appearance of plump, crisp, easy to wash and dry quickly. men and women to do a Spring and Autumn clothing.
4, woolen fabrics commonly known as Therefore, the merits of the poor fabric is also great.
5, coat it. a flat thick, velvet, smooth hair, emboss and other varieties. texture and rich, warm and strong. importing wool and with a secondary domestic wool spinning quality is better, it planing, smooth feel, good elasticity. homemade three, four the feel of wool spinning and stiff, it faces a grab hair. men and women to do a length of coat.
6, wheat Golden. made of imported wool or a wool, mixed with a small amount of worsted wool into a short. it fullness, fine clean smooth body bone close and very real, flexible, can not ball, do not open at the end. should be men and women clothing and women's coats.
7, navy. with one or two short of domestic wool worsted wool and a small amount into. it fine the whole surface of soft, flexible feel quite real. Some products are raising phenomenon. use with Melton.
8, uniforms yet. with three or four domestic worsted wool with a minor back hair, short wool into. it planing, feel slightly rough, grab hair, wearing long was exposed after the end of But fastness wear. should be uniform.
9, flannel. what gray uniform surface blending, suede slightly exposed pattern, feel full, fine clean smooth, elegant appearance. men and women to do a Spring and Autumn clothing.
10, tweed. with a 1-3 mixed with some sticky domestic wool fiber is made. it faces thick, durable fastness, color range. men and women spring to do a shirt and high-end dual-use children.
II Mixed textiles
1, polyester wool tweed. which 55% polyester, 45% wool, thick texture, feel full, high strength, good fastness, crisp, wrinkle resistance. to do a fall and winter clothing.
2 , cool it. of which 55% polyester, 45% wool, thin material, but the fastness durable, with a cool, slippery, pretty, wrinkle, shrink-proof, easy to wash and quick-drying and so on. to do a spring and summer clothing, not so winter clothing.
3, polyester wool tweed stick. Polyester 40%, wool 30% viscose 30%, then fine clean surface, strong sense of wool, striped clear, crisp, good fastness, low cost economic reality
three, all wool
1, gabardine. yarn fine, then almost the entire surface smooth, feel smooth, rich and flexible, full straight lines. should sew suits, Zhongshan Fu, Ladie's Wear . drawback is the site of frequent friction knee, hip, after easily from the light.
2, serge. lines wide, flat surface than gabardine, feel soft, flexible, and less than gabardine thick, color fastness, use the same gabardine. < br> 3, tweed. tweed by weight can be divided into thin (300 grams / m) and in the thick tweed (300 to 400 g / m). what surface is smooth, the color symmetry, flexibility, a clear pattern of change range . men and women to do a variety of coat, suit coat.
4, Han taste it. luster natural soft, then planing the surface with short fine plush, soft wool feel. to do a spring and dual-use shirt and suit.
5 valitin. fine yarn, raw material is good, but the density of thin, light and smooth surface does. feel very smooth, good flexibility, bright color wash. wish for summer clothes and winter jacket material
6, send the Legislative Division . luster soft, supple, flexible, and feel smooth, thin, cool, less than valitin fastness. The most suitable for all kinds of men and women in summer clothes.
7, female clothing it. yarn smaller, structure is more loose, feel soft and flexible, color and more color is gorgeous. often used as a dual-shirt and jacket women face the Spring and Autumn.
8, satin it. density, feel heavy, soft, smooth, shiny and bright, resilient . to do a coat, Zhongshan Fu.
VII knowledge
a wool, wool is generally divided into categories
knitting yarn knitting wool (the wool) and the knitting yarn (referred to as knitting wool) two to wool the number of shares, differentiate between special numbers and use as a standard.
knitting: more than three strands Chunghwa Express Corp (including the three evil), but the number of shares in six or more special (including six) are for the wool.
knitted cashmere : Chunghwa Express Corp II shares in the six joint stock tex or less, or finished as a single unit, designed for the knitwear processing with three, and both are for knitting wool.
II products of knitting wool knitting yarn and No.
knitted woolen and woolen yarn is divided into two categories, the Arabic numerals, buy, wool and trademarks on the description of the first Arabic numerals: (4 classes)
0 - worsted wool (with often omitted)
1 - woolen yarn
2 - worsted knitting yarn (This code sometimes do not write)
3 - woolen knitting yarn
second digits, on behalf of knitting wool Item number or types of materials chosen, a total of 10 categories, the code is:
0 - cashmere Huo cashmere blended with other fibers.
1 - heterogeneous Mao (also known as the country hair, including large part of the domestic wool, wool fibers and the length of their quite different)
2 - homogeneous hair (also known as outer hair, including the import of wool and a small number of domestic wool, the wool fiber length difference in the thickness and smaller)
3 - homogeneous wool and viscose fibers
4 - homogeneous and heterogeneous wool wool
5 - Heterogeneity wool and viscose fibers
6 - wool and synthetic homogeneous fibers
7 - Heterogeneous wool and synthetic blend
8 - pure chemical fiber and blended with each other
9 - other raw materials.
listed above, code-named - Cashmere Huo cashmere and other fibers (except nylon) blend;
1 - white cashmere
2 - Castle cashmere
3 - purple cashmere
4 - cashmere and nylon blend
5 - Short-haired
6 - rabbit (lamb wool)
7 - camel
8 - yak
9 - Other
Monday, December 27, 2010
Four or five had witnessed arrest you right now you are put on the _ _ Cao Kailin Sina ...
Core Tip: Since then, with the requirements of the community to release the pressure gradually increased, to 12 month, finally could not carry the Beijing Public Security Bureau, the Tiananmen prisoners who organized the classes together. A central theme , wants everyone to be treated properly - had caught you are right, now let you also correct. This is the logic of that era.
1978 11 months, when the rehabilitation of the Tiananmen incident, I have as the first after the Cultural Revolution group of university students in the university study. said the truth, the vindication of the message in that, I do not have much joy, and some just a heavy feeling: the Cultural Revolution, the fate of hundreds of millions of Chinese people were a few among individuals juggling, acted in a self cloud, hands on the rain. When the Chinese people can really be your own master? I often asked myself.
1976 Tiananmen Square crackdown in (Source: Data Chart)
article From: When the old people often hear mention of the Tiananmen incident in 1976, the process of rehabilitation, but few people involved in Tiananmen Square itself. as witnesses of the incident, I feel obliged to record the mentality of our generation path, so that Later, from a side who can understand the eve of China's reform and opening up the historical background.
one, how I
to Tiananmen Square and peers, I was Maxima, singing leap to sing songs, listen to listen to the party the old social order was once knocked over: I have admired his uncle and aunt to become a The parents were posters posted the revolutionary masses, become a , hard work and these people and their loved ones, including a clean break.
1968 years, I entered the High School of Beijing Normal female. in the time when the first day, the school organized a Marxist group. in the political director under the leadership of Only thirteen-year-old to start learning by Marx and Engels's so that people insight into the history of yesterday, today and tomorrow, the struggle to establish a clear direction. Since then, in their spare time, studied under some of the same age I started to be less interested in British history and the international communist movement history of France, Germany and Russia's internal books, Isle of Man to understand the historical background of the original. In short, when I, like to join the revolution, is a good student of the era recognized, outstanding student leaders, and joined the Communist Youth League in junior high school.
remember 1971 the end of September the day, the students in my home on the team. Her brother told me a shaking secret: Lin defected! killed in ondor Khan! was scared I was hoodwinked. A gut feeling is that the great leader Chairman Mao could perspicacious, how the big guys around so there is not even aware of careerists?! at the moment, I considered the personality cult of Mao Zedong's completely broken, there is a feeling of being deceived, that he is very sad. man to 17 years old, only just realized that , to use his head to the problem, and use their feet to walk.
1971 by the end of the school walked me to the Normal school. In the meantime, I resigned from the work of student leaders on the grounds that: . one away from the the old cadres and intellectuals, they told me about the persecution in the Cultural Revolution experience, so I have a deep understanding of social reality.
this time, my thinking has changed greatly. I noticed, Engels Marx pointed out in the tomb: shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion and so on. Therefore, the immediate material means of subsistence production, and thus a nation or a certain era of economic development stage, form the basis; people's national system , the legal conceptions, art, and even religious concepts, is from this basis, developed. life; not the economic base determines the superstructure, but the overall control of the economic base superstructure. I therefore believe that the central out of revisionism. This was not just my personal view, in August the lake, and the old generals, retired and intellectuals were all old and I have the same or similar views.
1974 年 1 month, I participated in the work of staff assigned to primary schools. In teaching, it began for their own set of philosophy, political economy, scientific socialism, and history courses. through self-study, I further strengthened his views: Mao Zedong was wrong, reuse a number of China leads the wrong track.
1975 年 July-September, Premier Zhou Enlai was seriously ill, Deng presided over the State Department to conduct a comprehensive reorganization of the national economy showed signs of recovery. In August the lake, I can feel it, it was Deng Xiaoping encouraged by the political courage to finally see the hope of China. However, the good time, negate the Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping began fighting back. followed by a central , layers of pulling a away. Beijing kilometer street, off by millions spontaneous. At the same time, the central intense deployment of Deng, Right back overturn the wind, Tsinghua University, Beijing Deng's posters over the place, coupled with the memory of the Prime Minister on all sorts of people repression, the end of March, early April, a time when before Tomb Sweeping Festival, people mourn the Prime Minister to vent through the strong resentment toward Tiananmen Square, coincidentally, I was one of them.
Second, what I did in Tiananmen Square < br> 4 月 2 on the night, I came to the square. heroic scene at the time I was shocked: Tiananmen Square, the Prime Minister covered the memorial wreath of pine trees around the square covered with white flowers, towering magnificent monuments were stacked layers wreath surrounded by a sea of people throughout the square, packed. in particular, is the melancholy, wreaths, and tree trunks, monuments, fences covered with a variety of poetry, and Xiao Zibao, people give vent to long-term suppression of this discontent.
At that time, I pushed the white marble monument to the fence and saw a turned the case Cultural Revolution; and Xiao Zibao actually saying: Posts Xiaozi Bao's inscription is the capital of the people mourning the Prime Minister Committee. read Xiaozi Bao, is planning to go out, then heard someone shouting back: I looked around, I was the only one again. just finished, I do not know who sang the Internationale lead. Then he was encouraging me to read a second time, but also the Internationale. In this way, read the five or six times. In fact, we all know are aware that the square in the sea of people , there are a large number of plainclothes police were removed from them. To be safe, I finally no longer did, and out of the crowd, the city of Beijing in the evening circle around a lot, until early morning before the detour to the school dormitory.
the next few night, I went to the square, just to see Xiao Zibao and poetry, and no further public appearances of the. then went to the square who would feel that way: public appearance in a formal setting during the day Night at Tiananmen Square was lambasted the people. This great contrast against the background of a decline as the Cultural Revolution, the masses have been intolerable, thus forming a day and night are two different worlds!
no matter how careful I am , or by the Public Security Bureau eye on the morning of 15 April .4, I was giving lectures, the school secretary called out, saying that the Public Security Bureau, who talked to me. to the clerk's office, two police officers waiting me. They come to ask: .
corruption Java project into a classic curse
1978 11 months, when the rehabilitation of the Tiananmen incident, I have as the first after the Cultural Revolution group of university students in the university study. said the truth, the vindication of the message in that, I do not have much joy, and some just a heavy feeling: the Cultural Revolution, the fate of hundreds of millions of Chinese people were a few among individuals juggling, acted in a self cloud, hands on the rain. When the Chinese people can really be your own master? I often asked myself.
1976 Tiananmen Square crackdown in (Source: Data Chart)
article From: When the old people often hear mention of the Tiananmen incident in 1976, the process of rehabilitation, but few people involved in Tiananmen Square itself. as witnesses of the incident, I feel obliged to record the mentality of our generation path, so that Later, from a side who can understand the eve of China's reform and opening up the historical background.
one, how I
to Tiananmen Square and peers, I was Maxima, singing leap to sing songs, listen to listen to the party the old social order was once knocked over: I have admired his uncle and aunt to become a The parents were posters posted the revolutionary masses, become a , hard work and these people and their loved ones, including a clean break.
1968 years, I entered the High School of Beijing Normal female. in the time when the first day, the school organized a Marxist group. in the political director under the leadership of Only thirteen-year-old to start learning by Marx and Engels's so that people insight into the history of yesterday, today and tomorrow, the struggle to establish a clear direction. Since then, in their spare time, studied under some of the same age I started to be less interested in British history and the international communist movement history of France, Germany and Russia's internal books, Isle of Man to understand the historical background of the original. In short, when I, like to join the revolution, is a good student of the era recognized, outstanding student leaders, and joined the Communist Youth League in junior high school.
remember 1971 the end of September the day, the students in my home on the team. Her brother told me a shaking secret: Lin defected! killed in ondor Khan! was scared I was hoodwinked. A gut feeling is that the great leader Chairman Mao could perspicacious, how the big guys around so there is not even aware of careerists?! at the moment, I considered the personality cult of Mao Zedong's completely broken, there is a feeling of being deceived, that he is very sad. man to 17 years old, only just realized that , to use his head to the problem, and use their feet to walk.
1971 by the end of the school walked me to the Normal school. In the meantime, I resigned from the work of student leaders on the grounds that: . one away from the the old cadres and intellectuals, they told me about the persecution in the Cultural Revolution experience, so I have a deep understanding of social reality.
this time, my thinking has changed greatly. I noticed, Engels Marx pointed out in the tomb: shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion and so on. Therefore, the immediate material means of subsistence production, and thus a nation or a certain era of economic development stage, form the basis; people's national system , the legal conceptions, art, and even religious concepts, is from this basis, developed. life; not the economic base determines the superstructure, but the overall control of the economic base superstructure. I therefore believe that the central out of revisionism. This was not just my personal view, in August the lake, and the old generals, retired and intellectuals were all old and I have the same or similar views.
1974 年 1 month, I participated in the work of staff assigned to primary schools. In teaching, it began for their own set of philosophy, political economy, scientific socialism, and history courses. through self-study, I further strengthened his views: Mao Zedong was wrong, reuse a number of China leads the wrong track.
1975 年 July-September, Premier Zhou Enlai was seriously ill, Deng presided over the State Department to conduct a comprehensive reorganization of the national economy showed signs of recovery. In August the lake, I can feel it, it was Deng Xiaoping encouraged by the political courage to finally see the hope of China. However, the good time, negate the Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping began fighting back. followed by a central , layers of pulling a away. Beijing kilometer street, off by millions spontaneous. At the same time, the central intense deployment of Deng, Right back overturn the wind, Tsinghua University, Beijing Deng's posters over the place, coupled with the memory of the Prime Minister on all sorts of people repression, the end of March, early April, a time when before Tomb Sweeping Festival, people mourn the Prime Minister to vent through the strong resentment toward Tiananmen Square, coincidentally, I was one of them.
Second, what I did in Tiananmen Square < br> 4 月 2 on the night, I came to the square. heroic scene at the time I was shocked: Tiananmen Square, the Prime Minister covered the memorial wreath of pine trees around the square covered with white flowers, towering magnificent monuments were stacked layers wreath surrounded by a sea of people throughout the square, packed. in particular, is the melancholy, wreaths, and tree trunks, monuments, fences covered with a variety of poetry, and Xiao Zibao, people give vent to long-term suppression of this discontent.
At that time, I pushed the white marble monument to the fence and saw a turned the case Cultural Revolution; and Xiao Zibao actually saying: Posts Xiaozi Bao's inscription is the capital of the people mourning the Prime Minister Committee. read Xiaozi Bao, is planning to go out, then heard someone shouting back: I looked around, I was the only one again. just finished, I do not know who sang the Internationale lead. Then he was encouraging me to read a second time, but also the Internationale. In this way, read the five or six times. In fact, we all know are aware that the square in the sea of people , there are a large number of plainclothes police were removed from them. To be safe, I finally no longer did, and out of the crowd, the city of Beijing in the evening circle around a lot, until early morning before the detour to the school dormitory.
the next few night, I went to the square, just to see Xiao Zibao and poetry, and no further public appearances of the. then went to the square who would feel that way: public appearance in a formal setting during the day Night at Tiananmen Square was lambasted the people. This great contrast against the background of a decline as the Cultural Revolution, the masses have been intolerable, thus forming a day and night are two different worlds!
no matter how careful I am , or by the Public Security Bureau eye on the morning of 15 April .4, I was giving lectures, the school secretary called out, saying that the Public Security Bureau, who talked to me. to the clerk's office, two police officers waiting me. They come to ask: .
corruption Java project into a classic curse
Sunday, December 26, 2010
TVB Jade Solid Gold reelection and frustrations behind the exciting
Evening of 13 January 2007, separated by Commercial Radio this time are the busiest months of the Hong Kong music scene, not only dazzle the ceremony, light ceremony derived from the various topics lively enough, enough to attract the eye. Of course, these things can create the prosperity of the surface appearance and surface positive upward.
However, at every turn and labeling is always bad, after all, this ceremony was speaking from the basic functions necessary for healthy competition and market demand. As a summary, should first ceremony itself slightly summarize.
Keyword 1: reelection
this ceremony words to this most worthy of attention will be is about the for four consecutive years won the is perfect, is moving in the footsteps of her predecessors walked Anita Mui, the goal is a record.
In addition, Andy Lau, Kelly Chen classmates comrades and outstanding performance, with gradually fade out after years of heart qi children. However, the careful student can be found, since 2000, with times to the present, splendor and aura has never faded from her body, which is called vitality. then back to 2001, when she snatched from the hands of Faye Wong Hau, , with Liu as king, until now did not give anyone else, all the way through 6, with Andy Lau, accompanied by comrades in time, these circumstances will inevitably reminiscent of women familiar to you? In fact, they are not only partner on the music (one wrote the lyrics, one compose music production), or the award partners! You see, since Hong Kong has Faye Wong, after dawn, They known to more and more, getting better talent. to the present, although Faye Wong and Leon Lai King days which have been retired, but their creative vitality is still strong. the past 10 years, Hong Kong, awards related to the basic class lyrics arranged by them, of course, include TVB Jade Solid Gold and advancing the main driving force.
Keyword 2: Battle
both the media and the Hong Kong music awards, the men of the Leo. stage race just moment, but the dispute is the audience never stopped, victory or defeat is standard issue, after a few rounds, the outcome of each other. But we enter 2007, slightly behind the first battle Eason point, so this , the master of ceremonies announced the start of the awards race, the next is the singer who's a keen competition, and in advance may be rendered quite a topic of this session of the ceremony, Aspect lot. For example: Eason Chan is the quantity in prizes Leo Ku won, prize will be exposed with the same pre-, early default?
end, the battle ended in a draw, with regret, but also happy.
the first round, Male Artist joined, to do more quality music. Yan Bi, sang his soulful songs of this year, too late for the second round started off as an award last night, and most important of the award mm under the array to fail, if Leo Ku won, you can play for a draw. As for the other singers, got the message should not have any attempts by this award.
no idea the result of the second round, Leo Ku Yes, because for a man who The focus certainly is him. Awards is no exception, as this ceremony the most He also insisted on the stage, with their games, along with many young singers compete and enjoy the pleasure of music.
this session rule the roost. Even prior Still others worry about Andy Lau will be inferior to many young singers, so that he might be lost, after all, age is a very real problem. But the reality is that Andy Lau's performance with the perfect dispel any fears that his virtue own efforts to win the gold medal two months, including the Jade Solid Gold Award King has said that the old?!
Keywords 4:25 Annual Awards
20:30 time at the beginning, Eric Tsang and Cui Jianbang ceremony held by the master of ceremonies, in a star in the curtain opened the ceremony. With Eric Tsang and Cui Jianbang the play, all the candidates to lead singer Andy Lau is also the stage and lined up into the number arrangement,
this session as the opening ceremony singer exhaust seat Who won this award is a high honor, because only withstand years of Dharma, and can be called classic, was worthy of the years.
in ; handed out prior to a VCR to reproduce the Jade Solid Gold Awards in 25 years the classic scenes from the Jacky Cheung, Leslie Cheung, Leon Lai, to Eason Chan, Miriam Yeung?, Joey Yung, Hong Kong reviewed the history of music through 25 years, live singer and the audience followed the VCR Review of hh
more passionate feelings too late, the award we are most concerned about who should again become the focus, and ultimately, the expectations of the crowd, the awards handed out, Alan Tam with the singing together, and the scene is very warm. Tanxiao Chang also seems to express in this way the younger generation to look forward to these two? text / Yin Leung.
However, at every turn and labeling is always bad, after all, this ceremony was speaking from the basic functions necessary for healthy competition and market demand. As a summary, should first ceremony itself slightly summarize.
Keyword 1: reelection
this ceremony words to this most worthy of attention will be is about the for four consecutive years won the is perfect, is moving in the footsteps of her predecessors walked Anita Mui, the goal is a record.
In addition, Andy Lau, Kelly Chen classmates comrades and outstanding performance, with gradually fade out after years of heart qi children. However, the careful student can be found, since 2000, with times to the present, splendor and aura has never faded from her body, which is called vitality. then back to 2001, when she snatched from the hands of Faye Wong Hau, , with Liu as king, until now did not give anyone else, all the way through 6, with Andy Lau, accompanied by comrades in time, these circumstances will inevitably reminiscent of women familiar to you? In fact, they are not only partner on the music (one wrote the lyrics, one compose music production), or the award partners! You see, since Hong Kong has Faye Wong, after dawn, They known to more and more, getting better talent. to the present, although Faye Wong and Leon Lai King days which have been retired, but their creative vitality is still strong. the past 10 years, Hong Kong, awards related to the basic class lyrics arranged by them, of course, include TVB Jade Solid Gold and advancing the main driving force.
Keyword 2: Battle
both the media and the Hong Kong music awards, the men of the Leo. stage race just moment, but the dispute is the audience never stopped, victory or defeat is standard issue, after a few rounds, the outcome of each other. But we enter 2007, slightly behind the first battle Eason point, so this , the master of ceremonies announced the start of the awards race, the next is the singer who's a keen competition, and in advance may be rendered quite a topic of this session of the ceremony, Aspect lot. For example: Eason Chan is the quantity in prizes Leo Ku won, prize will be exposed with the same pre-, early default?
end, the battle ended in a draw, with regret, but also happy.
the first round, Male Artist joined, to do more quality music. Yan Bi, sang his soulful songs of this year, too late for the second round started off as an award last night, and most important of the award mm under the array to fail, if Leo Ku won, you can play for a draw. As for the other singers, got the message should not have any attempts by this award.
no idea the result of the second round, Leo Ku Yes, because for a man who The focus certainly is him. Awards is no exception, as this ceremony the most He also insisted on the stage, with their games, along with many young singers compete and enjoy the pleasure of music.
this session rule the roost. Even prior Still others worry about Andy Lau will be inferior to many young singers, so that he might be lost, after all, age is a very real problem. But the reality is that Andy Lau's performance with the perfect dispel any fears that his virtue own efforts to win the gold medal two months, including the Jade Solid Gold Award King has said that the old?!
Keywords 4:25 Annual Awards
20:30 time at the beginning, Eric Tsang and Cui Jianbang ceremony held by the master of ceremonies, in a star in the curtain opened the ceremony. With Eric Tsang and Cui Jianbang the play, all the candidates to lead singer Andy Lau is also the stage and lined up into the number arrangement,
this session as the opening ceremony singer exhaust seat Who won this award is a high honor, because only withstand years of Dharma, and can be called classic, was worthy of the years.
in ; handed out prior to a VCR to reproduce the Jade Solid Gold Awards in 25 years the classic scenes from the Jacky Cheung, Leslie Cheung, Leon Lai, to Eason Chan, Miriam Yeung?, Joey Yung, Hong Kong reviewed the history of music through 25 years, live singer and the audience followed the VCR Review of hh
more passionate feelings too late, the award we are most concerned about who should again become the focus, and ultimately, the expectations of the crowd, the awards handed out, Alan Tam with the singing together, and the scene is very warm. Tanxiao Chang also seems to express in this way the younger generation to look forward to these two? text / Yin Leung.
Wednesday, December 22, 2010
Perfect World
Perfect was founded in 2004 by a famous Chinese leading enterprises En software educational software company, Mr. Michael Chi, Chairman and several other investors to set up IT industry notables. Company goal is dedicated to the development of national online games, dumping ability to build world-class quality online games, online games development competition for the first team in China, the global market, popularity of traditional Chinese culture. perfect time to have a good background in high-tech and management of returned overseas students as the core, with efficient management team, excellent technical talents, rich experience in marketing and implementation. Perfect World more than 400 employees, including master's and doctoral accounting 17%.
Perfect World to game development and production-based, technology and services support, to online game operators as the main basis, the company established at the beginning to establish a the development of a solid foundation. Beijing Perfect World Network Technology Co., Ltd. provides digital interactive entertainment services cover all aspects of the field, the company strictly in accordance with national laws and regulations, in the advantage for the users and players to provide quality and efficient professional digital interactive entertainment.
the future, long way to go, Beijing Perfect World Network Technology Co., Ltd. will work with Chinese characteristics, the development of interactive entertainment products, operations. rely on rigorous practical technology accumulation, in more developed areas of internationally competitive products, by virtue of a strong international influence, through more extensive international cooperation, the Chinese interactive entertainment products to the world.
2001 ���Initial project ideas put forward, original online games in China a new force began to grow.
2002 launched in early three-dimensional engine for online research, independent research and development work started.
2002 Network Engine launched at the start of
2002 �� 2 month project was officially launched
2002 �� 6 �� game architecture design started
2002 �� 10 �� planning team set up
2002 �� 10 �� art team formed
2002 �� 10 �� art style set the start
program teams in February 2003 �� 3 �� set
2003 beginning of the study program logic framework
2003 �� 3 �� set to complete the first draft plan to discuss the case, reverse
2003 �� 3 �� art style set the first draft be completed
2003 �� 7 �� planning the second draft text setting, reverse
2003 �� 8 �� case of the third draft plan set by
2003 �� 10 �� art style set the second draft completed < br> 2004 ��� Beijing Perfect World Network Technology Co., Ltd. was established formally involved in the gaming industry Perfect.
2004 �� 2 �� three engines initially completed, the screen effect is comparable foreign game engine.
2004 �� 6 ��Network Engine initially completed
2004 �� 8 �� game framework of the completion of
2004 �� 11 �� game art resources initially completed
2004 �� 12 �� operations team officially formed
2005 �� 3 �� 21 at Beijing Perfect World Network Technology Co., Ltd. China-made large-scale fantasy self-developed 3D online game number of accounts also will begin closed beta testing release.
2005 �� 5 months Shuimunianhua theme song in the first public singing concert in Changchun, the majority of players attracted a strong shock.
2005 �� 6 months world, ; media will be taken. Miss Liu Yifei went to the scene to display the After the test began, the official site also will be revised, a more rational division of sections, more detailed information presented in the majority of players in front.
2005 �� 7 �� 1 work together to successfully complete all the testing program, the server on July 1st at 12:00 noon on Friday shut down the successful conclusion of the technical closure of the test.
7 mid-May, rating contest, the majority of players have voluntary participation, for the Perfect World success.
7 30,
8 20 May, br> 2005 �� 9 month to meet the upcoming closed beta, the third edition of the official site formally launched on September 16. new website both from the style or layout have a major change. in maintaining the original characteristics of the same site also increase the number of Smart breath. interface is more simple and neat.
9 20 December, better game system, a new attitude displayed in front of the majority of players.
2005 �� 10 months the World participation.
10 20 December, 2005 Excellent selection of games come to an end,
2005 �� 11 month to thank the majority of players in the support and love, so that the majority of players can be the first to experience the held. Perfect World, Mr. Chi Yufeng, Chairman, Shui Mu Nian Hua famous music group and the capital of many mainstream media have attended the conference. After a fierce talent Competition and easy on-site interactive activities, the players from Chen in Beijing Yang received a perfect overall female winner of runoff election.
11 22, , Wuhan, Chengdu and other places of major colleges and universities to start.
11 25, server, all of them open.
11 28, excellent quality of the game officially named the second Commercial sales of platform game cards total generation mm Jun Wang signed the contract, the contract involves a held within the December 5, > December 16 -18, Xi'an Telecom online games and cartoon carnival grand opening of while the number of online games online new record!
12 27, , 29, January 2006 within the 300 guests attended this celebration, more than 100 media attended all of the celebrations for the tracking report.
1 12 January, 2005 China Game Industry Annual Conference in Xiamen International Exhibition Center grand opening , published in the annual Development of 3D creation fantasy online game net scored four awards
1 30, Shuimunianhua bring May
2006 �� 3 �� made 3D fantasy online game Top Ten favorite online games Jin Pulei Channel Games Cup co-hosted the 2005 awards ceremony, the > April 2006, , Voted second best player the first player online games cum talent show named ; (Mizuki hundred thousand Internet cafes the city thousands of schools nationwide tour), is an extraordinary classic works, once again firmly defended the domestic original position online.
2006 �� 5 months activities, hundreds of cities across the country with 20 million science and technology agency, Investment more than 2 million, took nearly 2 years of Q-online masterpiece
7 26, , Beijing Perfect World is about the fourth ChinaJoy the famous online game operator in Japan C & C Media Company jointly held a game.
7 28, in the annual game industry event in China's fourth Chinajoy (China International Digital Entertainment Expo & Conference) in the opening ceremony. Beijing Perfect World famous online game operator in Japan Company C & C Media Company at the signing ceremony, companies work together for the players to bring higher quality 3D gaming, so you enjoy the most beautiful unique online games. The cooperation with Intel, the perfect space-time by leading the development of superior 3D gaming technology, coupled with the most advanced dual-core CPU technology with the most superior performance, best-made online games upcoming fun, the most crazy, the most extensive scale, the most lucrative rewards over the giant online series of activities, online games, world Best original online games ; two selection, topped the list of absolute advantage.
8 �� 24 �� ���� 1 30 AM, awards ceremony, which is the eleventh public lottery software awards ceremony was held at the China Millennium Monument. Vice President of Beijing Perfect World, Mr. Zhu Qi, came to receive the award and delivered an important speech to speak.
8 �� 25, , a lot of players behind, instantly rose to second place, a time of highest concern in Taiwan players of online games.
Q version of Perfect World's first martial arts class online game hit, commenced Crazy Niece! Fengqiang limited account is measured, the server all full.
2006 �� 9 �� Perfect after a long period of preparation and consultation, but also bright DEC Communications Ltd. and Vietnam reached a consensus on domestic Genesis 3D fantasy online game number will be the most beautiful showgirl Ding Beili 06Chinajoy play.
9 22, for nearly a month of the deleted and the server in a short adjustment, Sept. 27, the 12 noon, the sound of gongs and drums in celebration, when Beijing Perfect World, Mr. Michael Chi, Chairman and Mr. Hao Yaning, chairman of Beijing Union Film costume sitcom of the same name film base ---- Pinggu inn with the blessing, Conference site, announced the world's first br> 9 30, Legend of Martial Arts game launched the official co Swordsman Sina blog.
2006 �� 10 �� 10 October 2006, was Dingbei Li, to be received in 2006, ; best story rumored cartoon Exhibition awards show like the massive, powerful companies in the lineup and the full support of various media has been unusually warm. awards ceremony, Beijing Perfect World Company to bring ceremony, and took away five awards, becoming the second biggest winner on the awards show.
10 18, br> 10 20 March, the official contact with Taiwan's players to
Fourth China International Digital Content Expo Oct. 26 held a grand rally in the capital Beijing. Beijing Perfect World's best 3D online game time event.
play network by a number of recently released br> 10 27, anniversary. To thank players over the past year to accompany the distinctive characteristics of different types of large-scale introduction of online activities, a large get-together with the players online, to celebrate the
11 �� 22 Day global players will enter the 500 million times the amount of two-day break.
in Tour
Perfect World to game development and production-based, technology and services support, to online game operators as the main basis, the company established at the beginning to establish a the development of a solid foundation. Beijing Perfect World Network Technology Co., Ltd. provides digital interactive entertainment services cover all aspects of the field, the company strictly in accordance with national laws and regulations, in the advantage for the users and players to provide quality and efficient professional digital interactive entertainment.
the future, long way to go, Beijing Perfect World Network Technology Co., Ltd. will work with Chinese characteristics, the development of interactive entertainment products, operations. rely on rigorous practical technology accumulation, in more developed areas of internationally competitive products, by virtue of a strong international influence, through more extensive international cooperation, the Chinese interactive entertainment products to the world.
2001 ���Initial project ideas put forward, original online games in China a new force began to grow.
2002 launched in early three-dimensional engine for online research, independent research and development work started.
2002 Network Engine launched at the start of
2002 �� 2 month project was officially launched
2002 �� 6 �� game architecture design started
2002 �� 10 �� planning team set up
2002 �� 10 �� art team formed
2002 �� 10 �� art style set the start
program teams in February 2003 �� 3 �� set
2003 beginning of the study program logic framework
2003 �� 3 �� set to complete the first draft plan to discuss the case, reverse
2003 �� 3 �� art style set the first draft be completed
2003 �� 7 �� planning the second draft text setting, reverse
2003 �� 8 �� case of the third draft plan set by
2003 �� 10 �� art style set the second draft completed < br> 2004 ��� Beijing Perfect World Network Technology Co., Ltd. was established formally involved in the gaming industry Perfect.
2004 �� 2 �� three engines initially completed, the screen effect is comparable foreign game engine.
2004 �� 6 ��Network Engine initially completed
2004 �� 8 �� game framework of the completion of
2004 �� 11 �� game art resources initially completed
2004 �� 12 �� operations team officially formed
2005 �� 3 �� 21 at Beijing Perfect World Network Technology Co., Ltd. China-made large-scale fantasy self-developed 3D online game number of accounts also will begin closed beta testing release.
2005 �� 5 months Shuimunianhua theme song in the first public singing concert in Changchun, the majority of players attracted a strong shock.
2005 �� 6 months world, ; media will be taken. Miss Liu Yifei went to the scene to display the After the test began, the official site also will be revised, a more rational division of sections, more detailed information presented in the majority of players in front.
2005 �� 7 �� 1 work together to successfully complete all the testing program, the server on July 1st at 12:00 noon on Friday shut down the successful conclusion of the technical closure of the test.
7 mid-May, rating contest, the majority of players have voluntary participation, for the Perfect World success.
7 30,
8 20 May, br> 2005 �� 9 month to meet the upcoming closed beta, the third edition of the official site formally launched on September 16. new website both from the style or layout have a major change. in maintaining the original characteristics of the same site also increase the number of Smart breath. interface is more simple and neat.
9 20 December, better game system, a new attitude displayed in front of the majority of players.
2005 �� 10 months the World participation.
10 20 December, 2005 Excellent selection of games come to an end,
2005 �� 11 month to thank the majority of players in the support and love, so that the majority of players can be the first to experience the held. Perfect World, Mr. Chi Yufeng, Chairman, Shui Mu Nian Hua famous music group and the capital of many mainstream media have attended the conference. After a fierce talent Competition and easy on-site interactive activities, the players from Chen in Beijing Yang received a perfect overall female winner of runoff election.
11 22, , Wuhan, Chengdu and other places of major colleges and universities to start.
11 25, server, all of them open.
11 28, excellent quality of the game officially named the second Commercial sales of platform game cards total generation mm Jun Wang signed the contract, the contract involves a held within the December 5, > December 16 -18, Xi'an Telecom online games and cartoon carnival grand opening of while the number of online games online new record!
12 27, , 29, January 2006 within the 300 guests attended this celebration, more than 100 media attended all of the celebrations for the tracking report.
1 12 January, 2005 China Game Industry Annual Conference in Xiamen International Exhibition Center grand opening , published in the annual Development of 3D creation fantasy online game net scored four awards
1 30, Shuimunianhua bring May
2006 �� 3 �� made 3D fantasy online game Top Ten favorite online games Jin Pulei Channel Games Cup co-hosted the 2005 awards ceremony, the > April 2006, , Voted second best player the first player online games cum talent show named ; (Mizuki hundred thousand Internet cafes the city thousands of schools nationwide tour), is an extraordinary classic works, once again firmly defended the domestic original position online.
2006 �� 5 months activities, hundreds of cities across the country with 20 million science and technology agency, Investment more than 2 million, took nearly 2 years of Q-online masterpiece
7 26, , Beijing Perfect World is about the fourth ChinaJoy the famous online game operator in Japan C & C Media Company jointly held a game.
7 28, in the annual game industry event in China's fourth Chinajoy (China International Digital Entertainment Expo & Conference) in the opening ceremony. Beijing Perfect World famous online game operator in Japan Company C & C Media Company at the signing ceremony, companies work together for the players to bring higher quality 3D gaming, so you enjoy the most beautiful unique online games. The cooperation with Intel, the perfect space-time by leading the development of superior 3D gaming technology, coupled with the most advanced dual-core CPU technology with the most superior performance, best-made online games upcoming fun, the most crazy, the most extensive scale, the most lucrative rewards over the giant online series of activities, online games, world Best original online games ; two selection, topped the list of absolute advantage.
8 �� 24 �� ���� 1 30 AM, awards ceremony, which is the eleventh public lottery software awards ceremony was held at the China Millennium Monument. Vice President of Beijing Perfect World, Mr. Zhu Qi, came to receive the award and delivered an important speech to speak.
8 �� 25, , a lot of players behind, instantly rose to second place, a time of highest concern in Taiwan players of online games.
Q version of Perfect World's first martial arts class online game hit, commenced Crazy Niece! Fengqiang limited account is measured, the server all full.
2006 �� 9 �� Perfect after a long period of preparation and consultation, but also bright DEC Communications Ltd. and Vietnam reached a consensus on domestic Genesis 3D fantasy online game number will be the most beautiful showgirl Ding Beili 06Chinajoy play.
9 22, for nearly a month of the deleted and the server in a short adjustment, Sept. 27, the 12 noon, the sound of gongs and drums in celebration, when Beijing Perfect World, Mr. Michael Chi, Chairman and Mr. Hao Yaning, chairman of Beijing Union Film costume sitcom of the same name film base ---- Pinggu inn with the blessing, Conference site, announced the world's first br> 9 30, Legend of Martial Arts game launched the official co Swordsman Sina blog.
2006 �� 10 �� 10 October 2006, was Dingbei Li, to be received in 2006, ; best story rumored cartoon Exhibition awards show like the massive, powerful companies in the lineup and the full support of various media has been unusually warm. awards ceremony, Beijing Perfect World Company to bring ceremony, and took away five awards, becoming the second biggest winner on the awards show.
10 18, br> 10 20 March, the official contact with Taiwan's players to
Fourth China International Digital Content Expo Oct. 26 held a grand rally in the capital Beijing. Beijing Perfect World's best 3D online game time event.
play network by a number of recently released br> 10 27, anniversary. To thank players over the past year to accompany the distinctive characteristics of different types of large-scale introduction of online activities, a large get-together with the players online, to celebrate the
11 �� 22 Day global players will enter the 500 million times the amount of two-day break.
in Tour
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
Fishing Masters Introduction
Fishing from the famous introduction
issue after another in this column will introduce some famous fishing materials, for your understanding, reference and learning. Any error, please correct the users in a timely manner.
A new fishing Wang Denggang :
2001 6 seventh go fishing with his father. father something, often with a small partner to the river fishing. The experience from the 5,6-year-old until grade school. hours of fishing life, Deng had just cast a passion for fishing. provided him with a rich fishing practices.
1996, the Deng of Hubei Huangshi just fishing for the first time to participate in athletics. to see the old Diaoshou Houcheng Sheng skilled Taiwan fishing skills. the purchase of a Taiwan fishing tools, along with learning from a Taiwan fishing Laohou. < br> 1997 3 months. Houcheng Sheng Deng had just followed the first time to participate in the third ; Fishing Club Cup Personal eighth. four Jie four games a year, greatly increased his level of confidence and fishing skills.
1998, due to the work he only attended the second session of the the year 1999 the year of his harvest. won the , his third,
2000 years, by the fourth groups and individuals Diaoji and catch the first fish, two first-.2001 mixed first entered in June, three on three battle Jie. even by Cup Wind .5, helpful, not conservative.
Houcheng Sheng Gang Deng and other anglers special thanks to the help and support of the community. He recently was named third Fishing Master. He said: very elegant, endless fishing technology. Master Xu Zhiliang:
38-year-old Xu Zhiliang, is Shiping County, Yunnan Province, Red River State Deputy Secretary for Cultural Affairs, in charge of mass sports work. he was 12 years of age, his father fishing in different .80 Long Lake School Age the beginning of the lake with bamboo poles, earthworms, a day fishing on the 300 carp, a sensation a little town.
join the work force, the use of spare, continue to hone in Yilong Lake fishing technology has become more famous in the traditional county fishing master.
1995, he participated in the first game of the Eleventh National fishing, fishing using traditional Diaofa Law on Non-full of big, and people with a Taiwan fishing, fishing is on the 50 to g small carp, and ending far more than him. end of the event, he is together with the fishermen, she bought a fishing tackle, and thanks to the Taiwan fishing master, Lee became the Chairman of Nanning fishing division. the second year (1996)'s trip national session of the competition, not only the courage Abstract throw champion pole, and hand pole top 20 results to get out of the sixth round.
Xu Zhiliang Taiwan fishing and wild fish will be the combination of increasingly sophisticated fishing technology. From Since 1995, he participated in provincial competitions, the top winner seven times, was rank 15, where his stone screen Fishing Association, has been the state competition with six the year 1999 he won the 15th session of the National Fishing third pole throwing contest, won the 2000 National Fishing Competition 16th pole throwing sixth.
(According to Wang Yong:
Wang Yong Ping of China Fishing Association, 2001, an assessment of fishing master. He is of Jiangsu Nanjing, .1965 born in September. He worked in Guangxi, Guangdong and Fujian business. love fishing. sensitive to new things and study the attitude of seeking truth from facts hanging from the year 1999 fall fishing techniques fishing club to join Shanghai sea lions.
sea lions company's first-class training conditions and continue to provide opportunities for the fishing season, so he was just three Even by the third year the national fishing tournament, competitive fishing became the first Triple Crown history. Previously, he has represented in Jiangsu Province and Nanjing in the National Invitational fishing tournament and various. in the first 12 National fishing tournament on the 13th get out of the second and fourth boat fishing for good results. but the lack of systematic training, performance is not stable enough.
into the sea lions company, Wang Yong fishing techniques to catch suspended ten years of accumulated melt fishing experience, and actively absorb the essence of traditional fishing techniques; the same time each winter in Guangzhou, National fishing tournament on the 15th with the first combined commodity bait and food particles, won the individual title and thrown out of second pole. Then, Yichun in Jiangxi in 2000, he once again dominated the local bait to feed the fish, the 16 session of the National Fishing Individual game trophy items hand pole into her arms. Wang Yong's specialty is the usual timid moves to catch the fish to others. The first national fishing tournament on the 17th, he won the Diaoji champion.
(According to Fishing Weekly In 1991 October fishing technology has been the title of Jiangsu Province, fishing master .1994 September round of the Division participated in the Second National Fishing Competition, won first prize In 1995 the total ending in October, because the first three-game fishing Province A. is of Jiangsu Province Fishing Association awarded the , also won the development. is, at the fishing tournament in the country by the second round of the Division, followed by the Changsha by the seventh. In the fifth different fishing groups and wild fish bite reaction conditions with different pool of fishing, combined with their fishing practices, by his participation in the development of the the pursuit of recreational fishing for big carp and changes with water from the bottom and paste in the end of feeding different responses, leading the research of the as the object of attack from the slip to the slide, by fishermen as
five, all-around silver Diaoshou Xu Zhou: (According to Fishing News, Hui-San article)
Taihu Lake in Wuxi, II , fond of fishing from small, home-made bamboo, leisure fishing for more than 30 years .96 years of age learning units Diaofa, 97 years into the sports hall, in the North-South war, and repeated construction of success, but the champion missed several times.
recent competition results:
1997 年 sea lions Cup
1999 年 individual sea lions out of the third person out of the seventh
Cup Old Devil Cup Finals in 1999 second
2000 年 individual sea lions Cup Finals personal fourth
2001 polyculture National racing seventh
2001 年 pole fishing pole polyculture King Cup first hand two
2001 年 coal Cup National Tournament second
2001 年 second individual sea lions Cup Finals Silver
Xu Zhou painstaking practice, and finally in 2002, separate ways to a gathering of distinguished hero in the over five hurdles it will stand out?
According to reports, he was taken in this competition tactics can be summarized as:
1, the first fishing mm polyculture After the first strike attack by grass carp tactics, resulting in poor start, scored just 10 points results. fish love: fish more, but not easy to open, and the partial eclipse strong fishy, some unusual.
2, throwing hard pole fishing field mm a winter training, and change weaknesses to strengths, beat 1 minute. fish love: wanted stability, the main carp to win more.
3, fishing for small carp fishing ending in the bottom drawing mm 2 field. fish love: the next race in the swimming pool layer has a fish, bait fish on the middle unstable pole too much space; bottom fish large mouth to eat better, and little empty pole. As the fish smaller baits rub too difficult to import food intake by drawing fishing optimum.
4, carp fishing in the twist ending in mm 2 field of floating fishing bait. fish love: air pressure low, unstable situation of fish, fish generally go up, most anglers to catch the end of the main. but he used rub bait fishing float, throwing more and more attracted, so fishing is much more stable and easy to twist an empty mouth to eat the bait rod, made a field 1 field 2 points and 1 point for good results.
5, catch the second polyculture mm from the fishing bait market pull into the end of float fishing. Fish Love: experience after six fishing season, fish are large areas of the underlying injury or shock, floating from the bottom.
reason why he adopted such tactics is based on the then love to fish, because the boat in the fishing sector banks Xu great popularity, so the situation before the fish abundant and accurate information, coupled with his experience and savvy veteran, won the value greatly. Xu silver boat in a coach had always advocated The importance of information exchange, to cooperate, or can not get the first ever.
issue after another in this column will introduce some famous fishing materials, for your understanding, reference and learning. Any error, please correct the users in a timely manner.
A new fishing Wang Denggang :
2001 6 seventh go fishing with his father. father something, often with a small partner to the river fishing. The experience from the 5,6-year-old until grade school. hours of fishing life, Deng had just cast a passion for fishing. provided him with a rich fishing practices.
1996, the Deng of Hubei Huangshi just fishing for the first time to participate in athletics. to see the old Diaoshou Houcheng Sheng skilled Taiwan fishing skills. the purchase of a Taiwan fishing tools, along with learning from a Taiwan fishing Laohou. < br> 1997 3 months. Houcheng Sheng Deng had just followed the first time to participate in the third ; Fishing Club Cup Personal eighth. four Jie four games a year, greatly increased his level of confidence and fishing skills.
1998, due to the work he only attended the second session of the the year 1999 the year of his harvest. won the , his third,
2000 years, by the fourth groups and individuals Diaoji and catch the first fish, two first-.2001 mixed first entered in June, three on three battle Jie. even by Cup Wind .5, helpful, not conservative.
Houcheng Sheng Gang Deng and other anglers special thanks to the help and support of the community. He recently was named third Fishing Master. He said: very elegant, endless fishing technology. Master Xu Zhiliang:
38-year-old Xu Zhiliang, is Shiping County, Yunnan Province, Red River State Deputy Secretary for Cultural Affairs, in charge of mass sports work. he was 12 years of age, his father fishing in different .80 Long Lake School Age the beginning of the lake with bamboo poles, earthworms, a day fishing on the 300 carp, a sensation a little town.
join the work force, the use of spare, continue to hone in Yilong Lake fishing technology has become more famous in the traditional county fishing master.
1995, he participated in the first game of the Eleventh National fishing, fishing using traditional Diaofa Law on Non-full of big, and people with a Taiwan fishing, fishing is on the 50 to g small carp, and ending far more than him. end of the event, he is together with the fishermen, she bought a fishing tackle, and thanks to the Taiwan fishing master, Lee became the Chairman of Nanning fishing division. the second year (1996)'s trip national session of the competition, not only the courage Abstract throw champion pole, and hand pole top 20 results to get out of the sixth round.
Xu Zhiliang Taiwan fishing and wild fish will be the combination of increasingly sophisticated fishing technology. From Since 1995, he participated in provincial competitions, the top winner seven times, was rank 15, where his stone screen Fishing Association, has been the state competition with six the year 1999 he won the 15th session of the National Fishing third pole throwing contest, won the 2000 National Fishing Competition 16th pole throwing sixth.
(According to Wang Yong:
Wang Yong Ping of China Fishing Association, 2001, an assessment of fishing master. He is of Jiangsu Nanjing, .1965 born in September. He worked in Guangxi, Guangdong and Fujian business. love fishing. sensitive to new things and study the attitude of seeking truth from facts hanging from the year 1999 fall fishing techniques fishing club to join Shanghai sea lions.
sea lions company's first-class training conditions and continue to provide opportunities for the fishing season, so he was just three Even by the third year the national fishing tournament, competitive fishing became the first Triple Crown history. Previously, he has represented in Jiangsu Province and Nanjing in the National Invitational fishing tournament and various. in the first 12 National fishing tournament on the 13th get out of the second and fourth boat fishing for good results. but the lack of systematic training, performance is not stable enough.
into the sea lions company, Wang Yong fishing techniques to catch suspended ten years of accumulated melt fishing experience, and actively absorb the essence of traditional fishing techniques; the same time each winter in Guangzhou, National fishing tournament on the 15th with the first combined commodity bait and food particles, won the individual title and thrown out of second pole. Then, Yichun in Jiangxi in 2000, he once again dominated the local bait to feed the fish, the 16 session of the National Fishing Individual game trophy items hand pole into her arms. Wang Yong's specialty is the usual timid moves to catch the fish to others. The first national fishing tournament on the 17th, he won the Diaoji champion.
(According to Fishing Weekly In 1991 October fishing technology has been the title of Jiangsu Province, fishing master .1994 September round of the Division participated in the Second National Fishing Competition, won first prize In 1995 the total ending in October, because the first three-game fishing Province A. is of Jiangsu Province Fishing Association awarded the , also won the development. is, at the fishing tournament in the country by the second round of the Division, followed by the Changsha by the seventh. In the fifth different fishing groups and wild fish bite reaction conditions with different pool of fishing, combined with their fishing practices, by his participation in the development of the the pursuit of recreational fishing for big carp and changes with water from the bottom and paste in the end of feeding different responses, leading the research of the as the object of attack from the slip to the slide, by fishermen as
five, all-around silver Diaoshou Xu Zhou: (According to Fishing News, Hui-San article)
Taihu Lake in Wuxi, II , fond of fishing from small, home-made bamboo, leisure fishing for more than 30 years .96 years of age learning units Diaofa, 97 years into the sports hall, in the North-South war, and repeated construction of success, but the champion missed several times.
recent competition results:
1997 年 sea lions Cup
1999 年 individual sea lions out of the third person out of the seventh
Cup Old Devil Cup Finals in 1999 second
2000 年 individual sea lions Cup Finals personal fourth
2001 polyculture National racing seventh
2001 年 pole fishing pole polyculture King Cup first hand two
2001 年 coal Cup National Tournament second
2001 年 second individual sea lions Cup Finals Silver
Xu Zhou painstaking practice, and finally in 2002, separate ways to a gathering of distinguished hero in the over five hurdles it will stand out?
According to reports, he was taken in this competition tactics can be summarized as:
1, the first fishing mm polyculture After the first strike attack by grass carp tactics, resulting in poor start, scored just 10 points results. fish love: fish more, but not easy to open, and the partial eclipse strong fishy, some unusual.
2, throwing hard pole fishing field mm a winter training, and change weaknesses to strengths, beat 1 minute. fish love: wanted stability, the main carp to win more.
3, fishing for small carp fishing ending in the bottom drawing mm 2 field. fish love: the next race in the swimming pool layer has a fish, bait fish on the middle unstable pole too much space; bottom fish large mouth to eat better, and little empty pole. As the fish smaller baits rub too difficult to import food intake by drawing fishing optimum.
4, carp fishing in the twist ending in mm 2 field of floating fishing bait. fish love: air pressure low, unstable situation of fish, fish generally go up, most anglers to catch the end of the main. but he used rub bait fishing float, throwing more and more attracted, so fishing is much more stable and easy to twist an empty mouth to eat the bait rod, made a field 1 field 2 points and 1 point for good results.
5, catch the second polyculture mm from the fishing bait market pull into the end of float fishing. Fish Love: experience after six fishing season, fish are large areas of the underlying injury or shock, floating from the bottom.
reason why he adopted such tactics is based on the then love to fish, because the boat in the fishing sector banks Xu great popularity, so the situation before the fish abundant and accurate information, coupled with his experience and savvy veteran, won the value greatly. Xu silver boat in a coach had always advocated The importance of information exchange, to cooperate, or can not get the first ever.
Monday, December 20, 2010
Under the calm perspective of high oil prices
In 2007, international oil prices soared, reaching new heights. Oil as essential to the current economic and social development based on resources, their value seems to constantly be overestimated. High oil prices and the lingering U.S. subprime mortgage crisis, like the shadow of enveloped in the global economy over the world economy in 2008 will decline? oil supply and demand have changed? whether oil prices did not follow the law? Let us together with experts from multiple angles perspective of the current international oil market.
World Economy and Finance of the oil market
1. high oil prices and the subprime mortgage crisis
the current world economic situation, high economic growth the world co-exist with high-risk, high oil prices and low inflation counterparts, the development of Balanced and unbalanced growth of coexistence .2007 should be said that turbulent year, but also development of the year: the United States subprime mortgage crisis and high oil prices, is shrouded in the shadow of the world economy over the two; emerging market and developing countries strong economic growth, world economic growth was laid a good foundation; regardless of market exchange rates or purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, China will become the biggest boost world economic growth engine. China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, the Institute of World Economy Long Chen Fengying (by Wang Li on behalf of the statement), begins with a concise language, outlines the current overall situation in the world economy.
(1) the world economy showed four characteristics
1) Strong world economic growth. Despite the high price of oil has been going on for years, but economic globalization, particularly in emerging markets and developing countries to actively participate in globalization, development trend of world economy changes: extension of the business cycle, the development of enhanced stability, growth volatility declined, increased economic interaction between . According to IMF (IMF) statistics, in the last 10 years the average annual economic growth of 4.4% of the world, including the last 3 years, 5.2%, higher than 3.2% over the past 10 years, close to a golden post-war period (1950 - 1973) of 4.8%. IMF forecast, according to purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, the world economy in 2007 will grow 5.2%, slowing to 4.8% in 2008, but 2009-2012 will rise to 5.1%.
2 ) The global share of economic growth. and the first round of gold of different, in this economic expansion the world, most countries, especially least developed countries to share economic growth. UNCTAD predicts that 2007 is only worldwide 6 countries per capita GDP growth is negative, which is the index to set the best year of more than 40 years. developing and developed countries per capita income difference between 23 times in 1980 reduced to 18 times in 2007. the last 5 years All developing regions are higher than developed countries, per capita income growth, rarely seen in history.
3) the acceleration of economic polarization. and 90s of last century the U.S. economy Multi engine center of gravity eastward, showing 10 years, major economies in the world economy and the interaction was enhanced, the United States, Germany, Japan, in the interaction with the world economy simultaneously increased; the United States, Europe, Japan and the Russia, India, China) jointly boost world economic growth, world economic growth tends to yuan. the last 10 years, all regions of China and the world, enhanced economic interaction. In particular, the interaction with developing countries increased significantly. Britain, scientists, ), especially after 2004, the world economy has entered a rapid growth trend, the fourth consecutive year in 2007 to maintain the growth rate of around 5%. estimated 2009-2012 world economic growth will still remain at 5.1%.
changes in the structure of world economic power, usually from two analysis, one emerging market and developing countries, and second, the developed countries.
1) the development of developing countries and emerging markets is expected to better. In developed countries, the general economic slowdown, emerging economies provide a strong expansion in the global foundation for the development. IMF estimates ,2005-2008, emerging market and developing countries, average annual economic growth of 7.8% ,2009-2012 decreased slightly to 7.3%, more than 3.8% over the past 10 years, 2.6% higher in developed countries. Developing countries at a low price products, strong consumption and capital in the world economy has shown unprecedented high oil prices and low inflation and high growth coexist. almost all of the current the economic performance of developing regions who are not: several aspects of the support. First, the rate of inflation has dropped significantly. Second, the balance of payments improved significantly. primary products, especially energy prices, the surge in resource exporting countries foreign exchange earnings. emerging markets and developing countries, current account surplus increased substantially. 596 billion U.S. dollars in 2006, was 593.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2007, 2008, is estimated to reach 623.6 billion U.S. dollars. Third, South-South cooperation to be rising. emerging economies and developing countries in globalization and regional cooperation will significantly enhance the resource cooperation , mutual fund flows, market liberalization, and personnel exchanges in full swing, mutual benefit and win-win situation in the horizon.
the biggest bright spot is the Asian developing countries, developing economies, nice view. Asia's world the main driving force of economic growth . at purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, spending in Asia has surpassed the United States (U.S. consumption accounts for 19.7% of global output), faster than the United States more than doubled. the last 5 years to PPP terms, world economic growth in Asia more than 50% contribution rate, the United States only 13%; at market exchange rates, Asia 21%, 19% of the United States. Asia has truly become the world's major driving force of economic development.
2) developed countries to put economic short-term delay. Although the United States subprime mortgage crisis triggered the financial turmoil and credit tightening impact on economic expansion, the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed economies generally cool, short-term downside risk is increased, but the medium-term prospects remain good. developed countries, the potential growth level and growth capacity declined from 12.5% in the past 15 years, now down to 2.3% of .2007 and 2008 growth forecasts to 2.9% from the previous year slowed to 2.5% and 2.2% in 2009, is expected to rebound to 2.6%. which the euro zone economy has entered a period of moderate development; increased economic uncertainty in Japan, moderate economic recovery; the U.S. economy has entered a slow period of adjustment.
(3) subprime mortgage crisis threatening global economic prosperity
sub-prime crisis is currently affecting the world the biggest risk the economy. IMF believes that although the sub-prime crisis has not yet pose a major threat to global macroeconomic, but it is difficult to see the end result of the global financial situation is not optimistic, the world has entered an uncertain and potentially difficult period. According to IMF statistics, mortgages accounted for the total assets of U.S. households 14.1% of the total sub-prime mortgages accounted for 15% of the subprime mortgage delinquency rate is about 25%, the loss of funds estimated at 145 billion U.S. dollars, together with other mortgage losses, totaling 200 billion dollars. But Goldman Sachs estimated that the loss of the subprime mortgage crisis will be up to 4,000 billion U.S. dollars. Chen Fengying that the current subprime mortgage crisis is more dangerous to enter the second phase, the peak period of repayment. IMF estimates that the fourth quarter of 2007 and the most dangerous first quarter of 2008, adjustments will continue until the end of 2008.
crisis in the subprime mortgage crisis, mainly in the following areas.
1) economic and financial technology to enlarge the sub-prime risk. leads to economic and financial benefits derived from increasing. According to IMF statistics, the global output in 2006 was 48.2 trillion, $ 50,800,000,000,000 stock market, financial assets amounted to 190.4 trillion U.S. dollars, derivatives reached $ 48,570,000,000, respectively, equivalent to 105% of the world economy, 395%, and 10 times. economic and financial world of the bigger economic pie, while also increasing the spread of financial risk.
2) subprime mortgage crisis is the United States the process of transfer of financial risk. the United States holds the monopoly of global finance, the dollar depreciation packaging, the actual sub-prime transfer deficit in the United States to reduce debt, get rid of the burden, reduce the risk of means. In essence, this subprime mortgage crisis, the U.S. economy to some extent the world share the According to statistics, every dollar depreciation of 10%, equivalent to 5.3% of the U.S. economy from the world of wealth transfer to the United States. Over the past 5 years, due to depreciation of the dollar, the global contribution of 1.3 trillion U.S. dollars in wealth.
3) times credit crisis has caused a panic in people's minds. the sub-prime mortgage market crisis could set off a chain crisis involving mortgage debt, commercial paper, investment banks, insurance companies, hedge funds, almost all financial institutions. Because of the above agencies will sub-prime export packing to global distribution and extent of risk is difficult to judge, the uncertainty caused by the global financial panic is a key factor. in the subprime mortgage crisis, the global bailout funds have been invested over 500 billion U.S. dollars. a small scale subprime mortgage crisis led to joint US-European days, government-enterprise cooperation, it is unprecedented. crisis is not over, Merrill Lynch and Citigroup officials have resigned. shows that the risk of spread of financial globalization, the extent of non-financial securities market uncertainty of how strong.
2. the international oil prices, U.S. dollar and financial markets
(1) crude oil market, the current oil price bubble in the financial technology
huge hoisting the price is not supply disruptions, and the supply and demand fundamentals has little, mainly due to unpredictable future expectations, with the typical characteristics of the financial of the bubble. Center for China Studies, Tsinghua University, Dr. Guan Qingyou that the background of the current round of oil bull market since 2001, strong world economic growth and global liquidity excess of .2001, the global financial derivatives was a great development. According to IMF statistics, 2001-2005, the global .2002-2005, global bonds, equities and bank assets percentage of GDP, up from 330% to 370% .2001-2005, the global OTC derivatives market capitalization of approximately 4 trillion U.S. dollars from continuing to approximately 10 million billion U.S. dollars. the same period the amount of outstanding contracts on behalf of 110 trillion U.S. dollars from the continued surge to about 300 trillion. ① including oil futures market, including the international financial markets awash with liquidity, and became an important reason for soaring oil prices. primary commodity prices and oil prices have more than the highest levels (in real terms, oil prices in 1864 had reached $ 104, but the price does not make sense for the current oil prices), can be said that this is not 50 years the highest price.
for the current round of soaring international oil prices, China Institute of Contemporary International Relations Institute of Japan, Dr. Liu Junhong that there are several grotesque, and in the, 1) crude oil prices since 2004, fluctuating significantly. many countries or institution will be the reasons for rising oil prices due to Chinese demand, but actual imports of crude oil in 2005 was negative growth, rising oil prices still .2) November 9, 2007, NYMEX (New York Mercantile Exchange) of the WTI crude oil price $ 97 / barrel oil in January 2007 was about twice as much. from the perspective of supply and demand, such a change can not be .3) in July 2007 the U.S. commercial oil inventories for the 3.1268 million barrels, down slightly from the previous month , but still higher than the average of 3.0880 over the past 5 years barrels high. no significant change in oil supply and demand, but oil prices are very big changes took place.
of the oil market supply and demand of these from the perspective of the phenomenon difficult to explain, Liu Jun Hong that is due to a lot of money into the oil futures market has led to the financial property of the oil market strengthened. He pointed out that the futures market is part of the financial markets. from the commodity market and financial market relations, in December 2004, oil and other resource commodity prices products derived from the total size of derivatives of 1 trillion U.S. dollars, equity derivatives is 4.4 trillion U.S. dollars; December 2006, expanding the scale of commodity derivatives to 6.4 trillion U.S. dollars, while the equity derivatives is 7.5 trillion U.S. dollars, the two who are very close. estimated between 2007 flat. commodity derivatives, the rapid expansion of the scale means that goods are treated as strategic resources, the extent of speculation in financial products has doubled.
crude oil market, the financial performance of the most prominent property is that the New York Mercantile Exchange The scale of oil futures oil 400 times the size of the actual production, which accounts for non-implementation of over 50% of transactions need to .2006 by the end of the availability of hedge fund assets was 1.6 trillion dollars, in 2007 reached nearly 2 trillion U.S. dollars, Among them, into the oil futures market reached 500 billion U.S. dollars. U.S. subprime mortgage crisis led to many large financial institutions came out of the assets from the stock market, invest in the commodity represented by the oil market. developed countries can use the size of pension funds is 13 trillion to 17 trillion dollars, of which 120 billion U.S. dollars into the oil market. In addition there are sovereign wealth funds (SMF).
(2) depreciation of the dollar and international oil prices
Guan Qingyou that the dollar price of oil through the oil - dollar-denominated mechanism to play a role in this mechanism involves not only changes in oil prices, but also to the U.S. hegemony in the world of consolidation. Since the existence of this mechanism, the dollar's price (exchange rate) changes will affect oil prices. dollar and oil prices were negatively correlated (see Figure 2). from the annual average price of view, 2001-2006 the dollar index fell 13% year on behalf of the international crude oil prices rose by 170% .2007, the dollar index is falling, according to the latest Federal Reserve data, the dollar index fell to 95.0584 from the beginning of the month 86.9197 11, falling to 9.36%. ②
the U.S. dollar depreciation, Liu Jun Hong pointed out that if the U.S. dollar in 1973, the actual trade-weighted exchange rate index for the 100, 25 February 1985 to 148.12,1995 year on November 7 76.57,2007 71.11, is lower than in 1995. The current value of the dollar relative to the actual value of the depreciation of the dollar in 1985, 51.9%, compared with 1973 The actual value of the depreciation of 28.9%.
economist Robert Blohm (Bo Ruobai), pointed out that the international money market, foreign exchange market is not a free market, but a monopoly, a market dominated in U.S. dollars. The dollar supply-side only one, that is the United States. Robert Blohm from an economic point of view of Mr dollar, non-dollar currencies and the relationship between oil prices. It can be seen from Figure 3, the 2007 September 14 as the base of 100 words, nearly a time, because the weak dollar, dollar-denominated international crude oil prices higher than the other by the yen, euro, Canadian dollar-denominated international oil prices. Robert Blohm, pointed out the dollar price of oil is negatively correlated, but not entirely ; -1 br> Guan Qingyou a long period from the perspective of fundamental laws of fluctuating oil prices. He said if there is a certain cyclical fluctuations in oil prices is controversial, however, review the History of oil price volatility can be roughly summed up a few basic rules: first, in the international oil companies dominated the market structure, the overall relatively stable oil prices. Second, after 1971, international oil prices showing significant periodicity. Third, the international oil market dominance transferred to the oil-producing and oil consuming countries, the oil price volatility, show that the state Periodic fluctuations in oil prices, the 1945-1981 year period of low prices to high oil prices; 1981-1997 year period of high oil prices to low prices; of the 1997 Asian financial crisis beginning to the high oil prices, low oil prices cycle. The current cycle of high oil prices in international oil prices were. Although we are still unable to determine the vertices of the current round of rising oil prices in what position, but it certainly is, certainly there is also a high oil price periods to low oil prices .
Guan Qingyou with the multiple equilibrium model to explain the fluctuation of oil prices: high oil prices, because oil demand is inelastic, to expand output and may even reduce the income, so will not expand production of oil-exporting countries; the contrary, Since the main market for oil-exporting countries with limited capacity of domestic investment, the oil stored in underground is an country's economic recession and the world economic depression, the demand will be significantly reduced. the face of reduced demand, oil-exporting countries must increase recovery and reduce the investment to make in order to re-attract demand in oil prices. Meanwhile, in order to maintain stable oil income, and must continue to increase production to make up for falling prices caused by revenue. by fluctuations in oil prices since 1965 trajectory analysis, the basic framework of reality can be explained by oil price fluctuations.
Guan Qingyou noted that, under historical experience, from high oil prices into equilibrium to the turning point of low oil prices close to equilibrium with several conditions: First, demand was significantly inhibited, the growth rate decreased; second, output growth began to exceed demand growth rates. low oil prices cycle to cycle of high oil prices, the turning point into the opposite conditions.
Guan Qingyou that the current round of high oil prices to the low oil price cycle, conversion cycle, the inflection point may occur in the following two situations: First, put the world economy as a whole slow. According to IMF 2007 year body of strong economic growth, the prospects still faces many uncertainties. Second, the global response to climate change is already a kind of political thought from the implementation of the national action, low-carbon energy to a large extent, the replacement of fossil fuels. But Since the excessive tension on the rise in oil prices is necessary. He said that the original salt is a livelihood of the largest commodity, as our technology improves salt, salt has become a very popular commodity of the. with the law play a role in alternative energy , if oil can be part of other energy alternatives, oil prices may not be rising trend.
Chen Fengying also believe that oil price fluctuations in the cycle law changed, ups and downs largely determined by the cycle. round super difficult to maintain high oil prices, high oil prices are likely turning point in 2010. Chen Fengying said that high oil prices will eventually curb consumption, changing people's behavior, promote investment and R & D to accelerate the development of alternative energy sources and reduce dependence on oil, eventually change the supply and demand, the birth of billion to 15 trillion barrels, the world about 300 million barrels of oil per year. cycle was no fundamental change in law, of course, similar to the last century 90's era of low oil prices will not be reproduced. based on the 2008 U.S. presidential election, as the ruling party shift flag, ideas and interests of the orientation will change; cycle similar to the end of the depreciation of the dollar, exchange rate movements will affect the future direction of oil prices; new exploration and development, energy conservation and environmental protection measures, the role of alternative energy development will gradually appear, high oil prices are likely turning point appeared in 2010.
upstream investment and the oil supply
1. the world oil situation and cost analysis of upstream investment
into the new century, the rapid development of the global economy, oil demand growth, rising international oil and gas prices, dislocation of oil and gas supply further aggravated the wave of nationalization of the rise of a new round of geopolitical factors influence increased in the new situation, the world's oil and gas exploration and production industry is undergoing profound changes. Economic Research Institute of CNPC, director of strategy Jiang Xuefeng report provided by analysis of the upstream oil and gas investment and the cost of the world situation, showing the oil and gas supply prospects.
(1) exploration of more and more technical challenges facing the field, the cost of a further rise
into the new century, further reduce the scale of the global oil and gas discoveries, oil and gas discoveries since 2006, the world is still not optimistic. According to > upstream exploration areas are facing an increasing number of technical challenges. With the global shift to the deep exploration and development, increasing demands on marine technology; land cost an important exploration areas as reserves, future growth, the surface and reservoir increasingly complex engineering requirements for oil rising; poor quality of crude oil, heavy trend of enhanced oil refining technology faces greater challenges.
a variety of factors promote the further rise in upstream costs. Global Upstream Capital Cost Index (UCCI) 2006 年30% increase since 2007 has increased by 14% .2006, Global 228 companies the average cost of discovery and development increased by 29% to $ 14.42 / barrel of oil equivalent, which found that 77% of costs, to $ 7.26 / barrel of oil equivalent; Since 2003, the impact of rising costs of almost all energy projects (see Table 1). sharp rise in construction costs significantly increased the demand for upstream capital investment. According to IEA (International Energy Agency) data, estimated that by 2010 the world's upstream Investment growth of 170% than in 2000, but after deducting the cost inflation factors, an increase of less than 50%.
(2) the upstream industry competition
reflected in the emergence of new changes: 1) the National Oil Company (NOC) rapid increase in the position. national oil companies and the cooperation between international oil companies from the financial and technical changes to the resource. contract model is more diverse areas of cooperation expansion .2) the rise of a new round of nationalization wave. The new round of nationalization wave and geo-political factors on international oil companies into the rich region to increase the influence and change the competitive landscape of the world oil industry. Many national oil companies strengthened their control over resources, resources in the country to tighten oil policy, oil nation clear tendency, the international oil companies once again been marginalized .3) development of unconventional oil resources, the pace quickened. last two years, as the representative of the Canadian oil sands and unconventional resource development has entered a new phase of growth.
( 3) faster growth in the global exploration and development investment as international oil prices gradually
rising global oil and gas exploration and development investments to maintain rapid growth. From 1999 to 2006, global oil exploration and development investment increased from 675 million to 270.8 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of .2007 times the world oil exploration and development investment continued to maintain a rapid growth momentum, according to Citibank, 234 oil on the global survey, in 2007 global oil exploration and development investment is expected to increase to 299.4 billion U.S. dollars, more than in 2006 growth of 10.6%.
1) investment in exploration and development outside of North America grew rapidly .2007 exploration and development of global investment is expected to increase to 299.4 billion U.S. dollars, of which 98.9 billion U.S. dollars in North America increased from 101.4 billion U.S. dollars, up 2.5%; outside North America increased from $ 171,900,000,000 $ 198,000,000,000, an increase of 15.2%. From 2001 to 2007, Exxon Mobil and other oil companies in six major international investment outside North America increased from 63% to 73% . exploration and development investment hot spots, including West Africa, Caspian and Asia Pacific.
2) medium-scale exploration and development investment is growing rapidly. investment of 5 billion to $ 990,000,000 an increase of between 23%; 1000000000 ~ 19.9 billion U.S. dollars of investment growth rate was 19%; $ 2,000,000,000 and $ 500,000,000 above the exploration and development investment growth following lower.
3) lack of access to exploration potential areas of engineering and technical personnel is intense two investment plans important factor.
4) oil investment budget parameters used in the average oil price of a new high, the average crude oil price of 57 dollars / barrel, more than 2006 high-$ 7 / barrel.
5) offshore investment to maintain growth momentum .2007 year, further expansion of offshore oil and gas investment, is expected to reach 231.6 billion U.S. dollars. At the same time the investment structure will be further change, it is North Sea oil field offshore investment focus from the mature area further west Africa, Asia, the Caspian Sea and other New transfer; Second, investment will continue to gradually from the shallow water area extends to the deep water area; third is the growth in capital spending slowed.
6) increased investment in growth and reserves do not match. high and did not bring new reserves into growth single well costs, but did not bring a single well found reserves increased.
7) the problem of insufficient investment in exploration is still quite prominent. although since 1999, continued growth in investment in exploration, but exploration and investment in only 15% of the proportion of , lower than the late 90s of last century the level of 20%, more investment for development.
8) development of resources in complex and remote areas, increasing the scale of investment projects, project cost overruns and production delays prominent.
(4) the field of international investment in oil exploration trends
1) the overall scale of investment is relatively stable, re-investment rate declined. operating cash flow is relatively large, more of the investment for repurchase, send information and the acquisition of .2) increase in upstream investment with significant growth in oil prices, significant increases in upstream capital intensity (capital intensity = upstream upstream capital expenditure / production of oil equivalent), but the number of exploratory wells and the detection rate fell .2001 m2006, the five largest international oil companies unit reserve replacement costs an average annual growth of 20%, 12% of operating costs In 2003 average annual growth since the growth in exploration investment has not brought the actual increase in workload .3) impact of rising costs and investment in upstream profits and return on investment. International Upstream oil companies profit growth has slowed down, since the upper plate 2002, return on capital increases less than the price of oil. expected the next few years will continue strong growth in capital spending.
2. IOC and the NOC of competing on the international oil and Market
old balance was broken, a new balance has not been established, turn the balance in the old and new, high and volatile oil prices; international oil politics and oil diplomacy has become increasingly important. China National Petroleum Corporation, Policy Research Lv Jianzhong, Deputy Chief Economist describes the relationship between IOC and NOC's competing on the international oil market change and its impact.
(1) NOC and the IOC's role changes
IOC,UGGs, international oil companies, are those completely privately owned, the shares acquired by private entities, multinational oil companies operating. the world oil industry started in the IOC.
OC, the national oil company, is in whole or in part by the state holding company. NOC should be shipped to the national interest and students. Currently, there are nearly 100 global NOC, the majority of developing countries and oil producers. NOC NOC can be divided into producers and consumers NOC; can be divided into commercial NOC, non-commercial and part of the NOC commercial NOC.
According to the U.S. oil companies, there are seven is the NOC; in the world has oil reserves in the 10 largest oil companies, there are 9 is a NOC, they control more than 80% of global oil resources, and the average reserve-production ratio of 78 years. In contrast, five major IOC (Exxon Mobil, BP, Shell, ConocoPhillips, Total) holds reserves of only 3.8%, the average reserve-production ratio of 11 years.
OC sisters %. More importantly, NOC began to become the world oil market ) NOC changes in cooperation with the IOC and the IOC co-
OC changes in the way, has undergone three stages. The first stage is an obvious concession-colonial system. IOC have full control over the production process and full ownership of the oil produced. The second stage since the 70s of last century cooperative management system. With the nationalization of oil and the gradual rise of NOC, resources, the country recovered oil concessions IOC, NOC and the IOC co-formation of new business model, such as production sharing contracts and contract mining costs the tax system. The third stage is a comprehensive, multi-faceted cooperation. NOC cooperation with the IOC, in the past are mainly within the oil industry chain link with upper and lower links, the focus is competing chain The value of the distribution. With the rapid development of downstream business NOC, NOC IOC is no longer just customers, partners or the host country supervisor resource development, and gradually form between the two competing chains of different industries, become a real competitor and all-round cooperative partnership.
IOC always attached importance to the downstream, NOC is being accelerated development of downstream business. the rapid development of oil downstream business, a significant increase in the international oil trade .2000-2006, the world's oil Trade volume increased by 21.2%, of which the share of refined oil trade has grown from less than 22% to 34% or more, and was to continue to increase momentum. in the world's top 25 large oil refining companies, NOC has been accounted for .
Lv Jianzhong that, NOC and the IOC focuses on a win-win cooperation. NOC facing the implementation of integration and international development strategy brought on capital, technology, talent thirst; bear heavy political, social responsibility, difficulty concentrating financial resources in the company's business development. NOC IOC can provide proven oil and gas reserves, low-cost or low-risk investment opportunities, effective reserve resources to succeed or replace, an increase of projects and other attractive investment returns. IOC can be thought NOC to provide risk capital, the most advanced technologies, experience in managing large complex projects and capacity, a wide range of markets.
(3) NOC and the IOC of the competing prospects
IOC actively seek all-round cooperation with the NOC avoid the formation of two completely phase ...
World Economy and Finance of the oil market
1. high oil prices and the subprime mortgage crisis
the current world economic situation, high economic growth the world co-exist with high-risk, high oil prices and low inflation counterparts, the development of Balanced and unbalanced growth of coexistence .2007 should be said that turbulent year, but also development of the year: the United States subprime mortgage crisis and high oil prices, is shrouded in the shadow of the world economy over the two; emerging market and developing countries strong economic growth, world economic growth was laid a good foundation; regardless of market exchange rates or purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, China will become the biggest boost world economic growth engine. China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, the Institute of World Economy Long Chen Fengying (by Wang Li on behalf of the statement), begins with a concise language, outlines the current overall situation in the world economy.
(1) the world economy showed four characteristics
1) Strong world economic growth. Despite the high price of oil has been going on for years, but economic globalization, particularly in emerging markets and developing countries to actively participate in globalization, development trend of world economy changes: extension of the business cycle, the development of enhanced stability, growth volatility declined, increased economic interaction between . According to IMF (IMF) statistics, in the last 10 years the average annual economic growth of 4.4% of the world, including the last 3 years, 5.2%, higher than 3.2% over the past 10 years, close to a golden post-war period (1950 - 1973) of 4.8%. IMF forecast, according to purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, the world economy in 2007 will grow 5.2%, slowing to 4.8% in 2008, but 2009-2012 will rise to 5.1%.
2 ) The global share of economic growth. and the first round of gold of different, in this economic expansion the world, most countries, especially least developed countries to share economic growth. UNCTAD predicts that 2007 is only worldwide 6 countries per capita GDP growth is negative, which is the index to set the best year of more than 40 years. developing and developed countries per capita income difference between 23 times in 1980 reduced to 18 times in 2007. the last 5 years All developing regions are higher than developed countries, per capita income growth, rarely seen in history.
3) the acceleration of economic polarization. and 90s of last century the U.S. economy Multi engine center of gravity eastward, showing 10 years, major economies in the world economy and the interaction was enhanced, the United States, Germany, Japan, in the interaction with the world economy simultaneously increased; the United States, Europe, Japan and the Russia, India, China) jointly boost world economic growth, world economic growth tends to yuan. the last 10 years, all regions of China and the world, enhanced economic interaction. In particular, the interaction with developing countries increased significantly. Britain, scientists, ), especially after 2004, the world economy has entered a rapid growth trend, the fourth consecutive year in 2007 to maintain the growth rate of around 5%. estimated 2009-2012 world economic growth will still remain at 5.1%.
changes in the structure of world economic power, usually from two analysis, one emerging market and developing countries, and second, the developed countries.
1) the development of developing countries and emerging markets is expected to better. In developed countries, the general economic slowdown, emerging economies provide a strong expansion in the global foundation for the development. IMF estimates ,2005-2008, emerging market and developing countries, average annual economic growth of 7.8% ,2009-2012 decreased slightly to 7.3%, more than 3.8% over the past 10 years, 2.6% higher in developed countries. Developing countries at a low price products, strong consumption and capital in the world economy has shown unprecedented high oil prices and low inflation and high growth coexist. almost all of the current the economic performance of developing regions who are not: several aspects of the support. First, the rate of inflation has dropped significantly. Second, the balance of payments improved significantly. primary products, especially energy prices, the surge in resource exporting countries foreign exchange earnings. emerging markets and developing countries, current account surplus increased substantially. 596 billion U.S. dollars in 2006, was 593.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2007, 2008, is estimated to reach 623.6 billion U.S. dollars. Third, South-South cooperation to be rising. emerging economies and developing countries in globalization and regional cooperation will significantly enhance the resource cooperation , mutual fund flows, market liberalization, and personnel exchanges in full swing, mutual benefit and win-win situation in the horizon.
the biggest bright spot is the Asian developing countries, developing economies, nice view. Asia's world the main driving force of economic growth . at purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, spending in Asia has surpassed the United States (U.S. consumption accounts for 19.7% of global output), faster than the United States more than doubled. the last 5 years to PPP terms, world economic growth in Asia more than 50% contribution rate, the United States only 13%; at market exchange rates, Asia 21%, 19% of the United States. Asia has truly become the world's major driving force of economic development.
2) developed countries to put economic short-term delay. Although the United States subprime mortgage crisis triggered the financial turmoil and credit tightening impact on economic expansion, the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed economies generally cool, short-term downside risk is increased, but the medium-term prospects remain good. developed countries, the potential growth level and growth capacity declined from 12.5% in the past 15 years, now down to 2.3% of .2007 and 2008 growth forecasts to 2.9% from the previous year slowed to 2.5% and 2.2% in 2009, is expected to rebound to 2.6%. which the euro zone economy has entered a period of moderate development; increased economic uncertainty in Japan, moderate economic recovery; the U.S. economy has entered a slow period of adjustment.
(3) subprime mortgage crisis threatening global economic prosperity
sub-prime crisis is currently affecting the world the biggest risk the economy. IMF believes that although the sub-prime crisis has not yet pose a major threat to global macroeconomic, but it is difficult to see the end result of the global financial situation is not optimistic, the world has entered an uncertain and potentially difficult period. According to IMF statistics, mortgages accounted for the total assets of U.S. households 14.1% of the total sub-prime mortgages accounted for 15% of the subprime mortgage delinquency rate is about 25%, the loss of funds estimated at 145 billion U.S. dollars, together with other mortgage losses, totaling 200 billion dollars. But Goldman Sachs estimated that the loss of the subprime mortgage crisis will be up to 4,000 billion U.S. dollars. Chen Fengying that the current subprime mortgage crisis is more dangerous to enter the second phase, the peak period of repayment. IMF estimates that the fourth quarter of 2007 and the most dangerous first quarter of 2008, adjustments will continue until the end of 2008.
crisis in the subprime mortgage crisis, mainly in the following areas.
1) economic and financial technology to enlarge the sub-prime risk. leads to economic and financial benefits derived from increasing. According to IMF statistics, the global output in 2006 was 48.2 trillion, $ 50,800,000,000,000 stock market, financial assets amounted to 190.4 trillion U.S. dollars, derivatives reached $ 48,570,000,000, respectively, equivalent to 105% of the world economy, 395%, and 10 times. economic and financial world of the bigger economic pie, while also increasing the spread of financial risk.
2) subprime mortgage crisis is the United States the process of transfer of financial risk. the United States holds the monopoly of global finance, the dollar depreciation packaging, the actual sub-prime transfer deficit in the United States to reduce debt, get rid of the burden, reduce the risk of means. In essence, this subprime mortgage crisis, the U.S. economy to some extent the world share the According to statistics, every dollar depreciation of 10%, equivalent to 5.3% of the U.S. economy from the world of wealth transfer to the United States. Over the past 5 years, due to depreciation of the dollar, the global contribution of 1.3 trillion U.S. dollars in wealth.
3) times credit crisis has caused a panic in people's minds. the sub-prime mortgage market crisis could set off a chain crisis involving mortgage debt, commercial paper, investment banks, insurance companies, hedge funds, almost all financial institutions. Because of the above agencies will sub-prime export packing to global distribution and extent of risk is difficult to judge, the uncertainty caused by the global financial panic is a key factor. in the subprime mortgage crisis, the global bailout funds have been invested over 500 billion U.S. dollars. a small scale subprime mortgage crisis led to joint US-European days, government-enterprise cooperation, it is unprecedented. crisis is not over, Merrill Lynch and Citigroup officials have resigned. shows that the risk of spread of financial globalization, the extent of non-financial securities market uncertainty of how strong.
2. the international oil prices, U.S. dollar and financial markets
(1) crude oil market, the current oil price bubble in the financial technology
huge hoisting the price is not supply disruptions, and the supply and demand fundamentals has little, mainly due to unpredictable future expectations, with the typical characteristics of the financial of the bubble. Center for China Studies, Tsinghua University, Dr. Guan Qingyou that the background of the current round of oil bull market since 2001, strong world economic growth and global liquidity excess of .2001, the global financial derivatives was a great development. According to IMF statistics, 2001-2005, the global .2002-2005, global bonds, equities and bank assets percentage of GDP, up from 330% to 370% .2001-2005, the global OTC derivatives market capitalization of approximately 4 trillion U.S. dollars from continuing to approximately 10 million billion U.S. dollars. the same period the amount of outstanding contracts on behalf of 110 trillion U.S. dollars from the continued surge to about 300 trillion. ① including oil futures market, including the international financial markets awash with liquidity, and became an important reason for soaring oil prices. primary commodity prices and oil prices have more than the highest levels (in real terms, oil prices in 1864 had reached $ 104, but the price does not make sense for the current oil prices), can be said that this is not 50 years the highest price.
for the current round of soaring international oil prices, China Institute of Contemporary International Relations Institute of Japan, Dr. Liu Junhong that there are several grotesque, and in the, 1) crude oil prices since 2004, fluctuating significantly. many countries or institution will be the reasons for rising oil prices due to Chinese demand, but actual imports of crude oil in 2005 was negative growth, rising oil prices still .2) November 9, 2007, NYMEX (New York Mercantile Exchange) of the WTI crude oil price $ 97 / barrel oil in January 2007 was about twice as much. from the perspective of supply and demand, such a change can not be .3) in July 2007 the U.S. commercial oil inventories for the 3.1268 million barrels, down slightly from the previous month , but still higher than the average of 3.0880 over the past 5 years barrels high. no significant change in oil supply and demand, but oil prices are very big changes took place.
of the oil market supply and demand of these from the perspective of the phenomenon difficult to explain, Liu Jun Hong that is due to a lot of money into the oil futures market has led to the financial property of the oil market strengthened. He pointed out that the futures market is part of the financial markets. from the commodity market and financial market relations, in December 2004, oil and other resource commodity prices products derived from the total size of derivatives of 1 trillion U.S. dollars, equity derivatives is 4.4 trillion U.S. dollars; December 2006, expanding the scale of commodity derivatives to 6.4 trillion U.S. dollars, while the equity derivatives is 7.5 trillion U.S. dollars, the two who are very close. estimated between 2007 flat. commodity derivatives, the rapid expansion of the scale means that goods are treated as strategic resources, the extent of speculation in financial products has doubled.
crude oil market, the financial performance of the most prominent property is that the New York Mercantile Exchange The scale of oil futures oil 400 times the size of the actual production, which accounts for non-implementation of over 50% of transactions need to .2006 by the end of the availability of hedge fund assets was 1.6 trillion dollars, in 2007 reached nearly 2 trillion U.S. dollars, Among them, into the oil futures market reached 500 billion U.S. dollars. U.S. subprime mortgage crisis led to many large financial institutions came out of the assets from the stock market, invest in the commodity represented by the oil market. developed countries can use the size of pension funds is 13 trillion to 17 trillion dollars, of which 120 billion U.S. dollars into the oil market. In addition there are sovereign wealth funds (SMF).
(2) depreciation of the dollar and international oil prices
Guan Qingyou that the dollar price of oil through the oil - dollar-denominated mechanism to play a role in this mechanism involves not only changes in oil prices, but also to the U.S. hegemony in the world of consolidation. Since the existence of this mechanism, the dollar's price (exchange rate) changes will affect oil prices. dollar and oil prices were negatively correlated (see Figure 2). from the annual average price of view, 2001-2006 the dollar index fell 13% year on behalf of the international crude oil prices rose by 170% .2007, the dollar index is falling, according to the latest Federal Reserve data, the dollar index fell to 95.0584 from the beginning of the month 86.9197 11, falling to 9.36%. ②
the U.S. dollar depreciation, Liu Jun Hong pointed out that if the U.S. dollar in 1973, the actual trade-weighted exchange rate index for the 100, 25 February 1985 to 148.12,1995 year on November 7 76.57,2007 71.11, is lower than in 1995. The current value of the dollar relative to the actual value of the depreciation of the dollar in 1985, 51.9%, compared with 1973 The actual value of the depreciation of 28.9%.
economist Robert Blohm (Bo Ruobai), pointed out that the international money market, foreign exchange market is not a free market, but a monopoly, a market dominated in U.S. dollars. The dollar supply-side only one, that is the United States. Robert Blohm from an economic point of view of Mr dollar, non-dollar currencies and the relationship between oil prices. It can be seen from Figure 3, the 2007 September 14 as the base of 100 words, nearly a time, because the weak dollar, dollar-denominated international crude oil prices higher than the other by the yen, euro, Canadian dollar-denominated international oil prices. Robert Blohm, pointed out the dollar price of oil is negatively correlated, but not entirely ; -1 br> Guan Qingyou a long period from the perspective of fundamental laws of fluctuating oil prices. He said if there is a certain cyclical fluctuations in oil prices is controversial, however, review the History of oil price volatility can be roughly summed up a few basic rules: first, in the international oil companies dominated the market structure, the overall relatively stable oil prices. Second, after 1971, international oil prices showing significant periodicity. Third, the international oil market dominance transferred to the oil-producing and oil consuming countries, the oil price volatility, show that the state Periodic fluctuations in oil prices, the 1945-1981 year period of low prices to high oil prices; 1981-1997 year period of high oil prices to low prices; of the 1997 Asian financial crisis beginning to the high oil prices, low oil prices cycle. The current cycle of high oil prices in international oil prices were. Although we are still unable to determine the vertices of the current round of rising oil prices in what position, but it certainly is, certainly there is also a high oil price periods to low oil prices .
Guan Qingyou with the multiple equilibrium model to explain the fluctuation of oil prices: high oil prices, because oil demand is inelastic, to expand output and may even reduce the income, so will not expand production of oil-exporting countries; the contrary, Since the main market for oil-exporting countries with limited capacity of domestic investment, the oil stored in underground is an country's economic recession and the world economic depression, the demand will be significantly reduced. the face of reduced demand, oil-exporting countries must increase recovery and reduce the investment to make in order to re-attract demand in oil prices. Meanwhile, in order to maintain stable oil income, and must continue to increase production to make up for falling prices caused by revenue. by fluctuations in oil prices since 1965 trajectory analysis, the basic framework of reality can be explained by oil price fluctuations.
Guan Qingyou noted that, under historical experience, from high oil prices into equilibrium to the turning point of low oil prices close to equilibrium with several conditions: First, demand was significantly inhibited, the growth rate decreased; second, output growth began to exceed demand growth rates. low oil prices cycle to cycle of high oil prices, the turning point into the opposite conditions.
Guan Qingyou that the current round of high oil prices to the low oil price cycle, conversion cycle, the inflection point may occur in the following two situations: First, put the world economy as a whole slow. According to IMF 2007 year body of strong economic growth, the prospects still faces many uncertainties. Second, the global response to climate change is already a kind of political thought from the implementation of the national action, low-carbon energy to a large extent, the replacement of fossil fuels. But Since the excessive tension on the rise in oil prices is necessary. He said that the original salt is a livelihood of the largest commodity, as our technology improves salt, salt has become a very popular commodity of the. with the law play a role in alternative energy , if oil can be part of other energy alternatives, oil prices may not be rising trend.
Chen Fengying also believe that oil price fluctuations in the cycle law changed, ups and downs largely determined by the cycle. round super difficult to maintain high oil prices, high oil prices are likely turning point in 2010. Chen Fengying said that high oil prices will eventually curb consumption, changing people's behavior, promote investment and R & D to accelerate the development of alternative energy sources and reduce dependence on oil, eventually change the supply and demand, the birth of billion to 15 trillion barrels, the world about 300 million barrels of oil per year. cycle was no fundamental change in law, of course, similar to the last century 90's era of low oil prices will not be reproduced. based on the 2008 U.S. presidential election, as the ruling party shift flag, ideas and interests of the orientation will change; cycle similar to the end of the depreciation of the dollar, exchange rate movements will affect the future direction of oil prices; new exploration and development, energy conservation and environmental protection measures, the role of alternative energy development will gradually appear, high oil prices are likely turning point appeared in 2010.
upstream investment and the oil supply
1. the world oil situation and cost analysis of upstream investment
into the new century, the rapid development of the global economy, oil demand growth, rising international oil and gas prices, dislocation of oil and gas supply further aggravated the wave of nationalization of the rise of a new round of geopolitical factors influence increased in the new situation, the world's oil and gas exploration and production industry is undergoing profound changes. Economic Research Institute of CNPC, director of strategy Jiang Xuefeng report provided by analysis of the upstream oil and gas investment and the cost of the world situation, showing the oil and gas supply prospects.
(1) exploration of more and more technical challenges facing the field, the cost of a further rise
into the new century, further reduce the scale of the global oil and gas discoveries, oil and gas discoveries since 2006, the world is still not optimistic. According to > upstream exploration areas are facing an increasing number of technical challenges. With the global shift to the deep exploration and development, increasing demands on marine technology; land cost an important exploration areas as reserves, future growth, the surface and reservoir increasingly complex engineering requirements for oil rising; poor quality of crude oil, heavy trend of enhanced oil refining technology faces greater challenges.
a variety of factors promote the further rise in upstream costs. Global Upstream Capital Cost Index (UCCI) 2006 年30% increase since 2007 has increased by 14% .2006, Global 228 companies the average cost of discovery and development increased by 29% to $ 14.42 / barrel of oil equivalent, which found that 77% of costs, to $ 7.26 / barrel of oil equivalent; Since 2003, the impact of rising costs of almost all energy projects (see Table 1). sharp rise in construction costs significantly increased the demand for upstream capital investment. According to IEA (International Energy Agency) data, estimated that by 2010 the world's upstream Investment growth of 170% than in 2000, but after deducting the cost inflation factors, an increase of less than 50%.
(2) the upstream industry competition
reflected in the emergence of new changes: 1) the National Oil Company (NOC) rapid increase in the position. national oil companies and the cooperation between international oil companies from the financial and technical changes to the resource. contract model is more diverse areas of cooperation expansion .2) the rise of a new round of nationalization wave. The new round of nationalization wave and geo-political factors on international oil companies into the rich region to increase the influence and change the competitive landscape of the world oil industry. Many national oil companies strengthened their control over resources, resources in the country to tighten oil policy, oil nation clear tendency, the international oil companies once again been marginalized .3) development of unconventional oil resources, the pace quickened. last two years, as the representative of the Canadian oil sands and unconventional resource development has entered a new phase of growth.
( 3) faster growth in the global exploration and development investment as international oil prices gradually
rising global oil and gas exploration and development investments to maintain rapid growth. From 1999 to 2006, global oil exploration and development investment increased from 675 million to 270.8 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of .2007 times the world oil exploration and development investment continued to maintain a rapid growth momentum, according to Citibank, 234 oil on the global survey, in 2007 global oil exploration and development investment is expected to increase to 299.4 billion U.S. dollars, more than in 2006 growth of 10.6%.
1) investment in exploration and development outside of North America grew rapidly .2007 exploration and development of global investment is expected to increase to 299.4 billion U.S. dollars, of which 98.9 billion U.S. dollars in North America increased from 101.4 billion U.S. dollars, up 2.5%; outside North America increased from $ 171,900,000,000 $ 198,000,000,000, an increase of 15.2%. From 2001 to 2007, Exxon Mobil and other oil companies in six major international investment outside North America increased from 63% to 73% . exploration and development investment hot spots, including West Africa, Caspian and Asia Pacific.
2) medium-scale exploration and development investment is growing rapidly. investment of 5 billion to $ 990,000,000 an increase of between 23%; 1000000000 ~ 19.9 billion U.S. dollars of investment growth rate was 19%; $ 2,000,000,000 and $ 500,000,000 above the exploration and development investment growth following lower.
3) lack of access to exploration potential areas of engineering and technical personnel is intense two investment plans important factor.
4) oil investment budget parameters used in the average oil price of a new high, the average crude oil price of 57 dollars / barrel, more than 2006 high-$ 7 / barrel.
5) offshore investment to maintain growth momentum .2007 year, further expansion of offshore oil and gas investment, is expected to reach 231.6 billion U.S. dollars. At the same time the investment structure will be further change, it is North Sea oil field offshore investment focus from the mature area further west Africa, Asia, the Caspian Sea and other New transfer; Second, investment will continue to gradually from the shallow water area extends to the deep water area; third is the growth in capital spending slowed.
6) increased investment in growth and reserves do not match. high and did not bring new reserves into growth single well costs, but did not bring a single well found reserves increased.
7) the problem of insufficient investment in exploration is still quite prominent. although since 1999, continued growth in investment in exploration, but exploration and investment in only 15% of the proportion of , lower than the late 90s of last century the level of 20%, more investment for development.
8) development of resources in complex and remote areas, increasing the scale of investment projects, project cost overruns and production delays prominent.
(4) the field of international investment in oil exploration trends
1) the overall scale of investment is relatively stable, re-investment rate declined. operating cash flow is relatively large, more of the investment for repurchase, send information and the acquisition of .2) increase in upstream investment with significant growth in oil prices, significant increases in upstream capital intensity (capital intensity = upstream upstream capital expenditure / production of oil equivalent), but the number of exploratory wells and the detection rate fell .2001 m2006, the five largest international oil companies unit reserve replacement costs an average annual growth of 20%, 12% of operating costs In 2003 average annual growth since the growth in exploration investment has not brought the actual increase in workload .3) impact of rising costs and investment in upstream profits and return on investment. International Upstream oil companies profit growth has slowed down, since the upper plate 2002, return on capital increases less than the price of oil. expected the next few years will continue strong growth in capital spending.
2. IOC and the NOC of competing on the international oil and Market
old balance was broken, a new balance has not been established, turn the balance in the old and new, high and volatile oil prices; international oil politics and oil diplomacy has become increasingly important. China National Petroleum Corporation, Policy Research Lv Jianzhong, Deputy Chief Economist describes the relationship between IOC and NOC's competing on the international oil market change and its impact.
(1) NOC and the IOC's role changes
IOC,UGGs, international oil companies, are those completely privately owned, the shares acquired by private entities, multinational oil companies operating. the world oil industry started in the IOC.
OC, the national oil company, is in whole or in part by the state holding company. NOC should be shipped to the national interest and students. Currently, there are nearly 100 global NOC, the majority of developing countries and oil producers. NOC NOC can be divided into producers and consumers NOC; can be divided into commercial NOC, non-commercial and part of the NOC commercial NOC.
According to the U.S. oil companies, there are seven is the NOC; in the world has oil reserves in the 10 largest oil companies, there are 9 is a NOC, they control more than 80% of global oil resources, and the average reserve-production ratio of 78 years. In contrast, five major IOC (Exxon Mobil, BP, Shell, ConocoPhillips, Total) holds reserves of only 3.8%, the average reserve-production ratio of 11 years.
OC sisters %. More importantly, NOC began to become the world oil market ) NOC changes in cooperation with the IOC and the IOC co-
OC changes in the way, has undergone three stages. The first stage is an obvious concession-colonial system. IOC have full control over the production process and full ownership of the oil produced. The second stage since the 70s of last century cooperative management system. With the nationalization of oil and the gradual rise of NOC, resources, the country recovered oil concessions IOC, NOC and the IOC co-formation of new business model, such as production sharing contracts and contract mining costs the tax system. The third stage is a comprehensive, multi-faceted cooperation. NOC cooperation with the IOC, in the past are mainly within the oil industry chain link with upper and lower links, the focus is competing chain The value of the distribution. With the rapid development of downstream business NOC, NOC IOC is no longer just customers, partners or the host country supervisor resource development, and gradually form between the two competing chains of different industries, become a real competitor and all-round cooperative partnership.
IOC always attached importance to the downstream, NOC is being accelerated development of downstream business. the rapid development of oil downstream business, a significant increase in the international oil trade .2000-2006, the world's oil Trade volume increased by 21.2%, of which the share of refined oil trade has grown from less than 22% to 34% or more, and was to continue to increase momentum. in the world's top 25 large oil refining companies, NOC has been accounted for .
Lv Jianzhong that, NOC and the IOC focuses on a win-win cooperation. NOC facing the implementation of integration and international development strategy brought on capital, technology, talent thirst; bear heavy political, social responsibility, difficulty concentrating financial resources in the company's business development. NOC IOC can provide proven oil and gas reserves, low-cost or low-risk investment opportunities, effective reserve resources to succeed or replace, an increase of projects and other attractive investment returns. IOC can be thought NOC to provide risk capital, the most advanced technologies, experience in managing large complex projects and capacity, a wide range of markets.
(3) NOC and the IOC of the competing prospects
IOC actively seek all-round cooperation with the NOC avoid the formation of two completely phase ...
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